Strategies for reducing risks from introductions of aquatic organisms: A philosophical perspective

North American waters contain a variety of introduced aquatic plants, invertebrates and fishes. Many species are exotic (of foreign origin) but most are transplants of native forms. While carelessness and accidental releases have led to establishment of the majority of introduced aquatic organisms, a significant number have been purposefully or intentionally released, often without forethought or research as to their negative impacts on other living resources and habitat. Introductions remain an important tool in fisheries management, but must be conducted on sound ecological bases rather than as expediencies, as has often characterized the past. Strategies are considered in the context of aquatic resource management for reducing risks of future planned introductions to North American waters. Because introduced species do not respect political boundaries, greater interstate, interprovincial, and international cooperation is required regarding introductions.