Location of observed analysis sites in the Shenandoah National Park in the Southern Appalachian region

Panel a) shows the location of observed analysis sites in the Shenandoah National Park in the Southern Appalachian (SAP) region and Frederick and Montgomery Counties, Maryland in the Piedmont (PIED) region. Inset maps show locations of SHEN NP and Frederick and Montgomery Counties (dark polygons) within Virginia and Maryland, respectively. Lower panels show observed trends in environmental conditions (left panel) and community responses (right panel). Crossbars illustrate trend summaries (median and interquartile range) for PIED sites (left crossbars; pink) and SAP sites (right crossbars; green). Environmental trends are represented as slope estimates from linear regression models (LMs) of year on a) temperature, b) precipitation, and c) agriculture, and d) developed land-uses as responses. Similarly, community trends are LM slopes for the percentage of f) carnivorous (CARNPIND) and g) coarse substrate (lithophilic; LITHPIND) spawners, c) functional richness (FRIC), and d) phylogenetic diversity (PD) as responses.