Recharge to unconfined aquifers in the seven-county Twin Cities metropolitan area of Minnesota was estimated by five methods. Mean recharge estimated as a percentage (27 percent) of precipitation ranged from 7.7 to 8.3 in./yr across the study area. The median recharge estimated from automated analyses of streamflow-recession displacements for seven basins ranged from 1.2 to 12.2 in./yr. Median recharge estimated from graphical analyses of groundwater level fluctuations for 11 wells ranged from 4.5 to 13.6 in./yr. Recharge estimated by age dating of shallow ground water at a nested well site was 8.8 in./yr. Minimal ground-water recharge estimated by statistical analyses of watershed characteristics (geologic data and streamflow records) ranged from less than 0.1 to 5.6 in./yr.
Leakage, considered recharge to confined aquifers, in the seven-county Twin Cities metropolitan area was estimated by two methods. Leakage estimated by analyses of ground-water level fluctuations for 11 wells ranged from 3.2x10-3 to 1.1x10-2 in./yr. Leakage estimated by analyses of vertical-hydraulic gradients based on application of the Darcy flow equation for seven nested well sites ranged from 4.6x10-5 to 1.1x10-1 in./yr.
Recharge estimates, which generally varied within 10 in./yr for each of the methods, generally were largest based on the precipitation, ground-water level fluctuation, and age dating of shallow ground water methods, slightly smaller based on the streamflow-recession displacement method, and smallest based on the watershed characteristics method. Leakage, which was less than 1 in./yr, varied within 1 order of magnitude based on the ground-water level fluctuation method and as much as 4 orders of magnitude based on analyses of vertical-hydraulic gradients.
