Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides

Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides are used throughout the world to control a large variety of insects and other invertebrates, fungi, birds, mammals, and herbaceous plants. Over 100 different organophosphorus and carbamate chemicals are registered in the U.S. alone for use in thousands of products applied to widely diverse habitats including agricultural crops, forests, rangelands, wetlands, towns, and cities. These applications are estimated to be nearly 200 million acre-treatments (i.e., number of acres treated corrected for number of treatments) per year to control nuisance, depradating, and disease-bearing invertebrates and vertebrates, and to maintain landscape aesthetics. Except for mosquito control, most applications target terrestrial habitat. Due to drift or run-off, pesticide and degrades are inevitably detected in soils and water that are fundamental to the primary productivity of ecosystems. Thus, critical life-giving systems are frequently contaminated with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, however briefly, each year.