Interlamellar adsorption of carbon dioxide by smectites

The adsorption of CO₂ at low temperature (∼ −70°C) on thin films of homoionic smectites was studied by X-ray diffraction and by i.r. absorption. An increase in the d₀₀₁ spacings of these clay films upon adsorption of CO₂ was observed. In addition, a dichroic effect was readily discernible by comparing the i.r. spectra at two different orientations of the smectite films; i.e. with the film normal and tilted 35° with respect to the i.r. beam. The CO₂ stretching vibration at 2350 cm⁻¹ was used for the i.r. study. These observations conclusively show that CO₂ intercalates the smectite structure rather than being adsorbed only in pores between clay tactoids—the limiting process proposed by other investigators.

Adsorption isotherm data from earlier surface area studies are re-examined here through application of the Dubinin equation. Again, intercalation is demonstrated by convergence of the plotted experimental data for smectites containing large monovalent interlayer cations toward a pore volume that is near the calculated theoretical value for a monolayer of intercalated CO₂.

Scanning electron photomicrographs of Li- and Cs- smectites provide additional evidence that aggregation differences are not responsible for the large observed difference in BET surface areas obtained for these smectites with CO₂ as the adsorbate. At low magnification, visual differences in macro-aggregates are apparent, but at high magnification no significant differences are observed in the micro-structure of individual aggregates where the major amount of gas adsorption really occurs.