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A 3D block diagram showing a cross-section of geologic layers being split by a fault. The block on the right side of the diagram is being dropped down along an incline below the block on the left.
Normal fault
Normal fault
Normal fault

Block diagram of a normal fault, where the footwall drops below the level of the headwall

Block diagram of a normal fault, where the footwall drops below the level of the headwall

A 3D block diagram showing a cross-section of geologic layers being split by a fault. The block on the right side of the diagram is moving away from the viewer past the block on the left, splitting a surface stream.
Transform fault
Transform fault
Transform fault

Block diagram of a lateral (strike-slip) fault, where two blocks are moving sideways past each other without vertical motion. 

Block diagram of a lateral (strike-slip) fault, where two blocks are moving sideways past each other without vertical motion. 

A 3D block diagram showing a cross-section of geologic layers being split by a fault. The block on the right side of the diagram is being pushed up along an incline over the block on the left.
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
Reverse fault

Block diagram of a reverse fault, where the headwall is being pushed above the level of the footwall

Block diagram of a reverse fault, where the headwall is being pushed above the level of the footwall

A man in a white t-shirt with curly blonde hair and a beard smiles in front of a vegetation-covered rock face.
Daniel O'Hara
Daniel O'Hara
Daniel O'Hara

Daniel O'Hara, Mendenhall Fellow at the USGS California Volcano Observatory. 

Daniel O'Hara, Mendenhall Fellow at the USGS California Volcano Observatory. 

A row of 5 spectrograms show time on the horizontal and frequency on the vertical. Earthquakes are visible as bright colors.
Spectrogram of Mammoth Mountain earthquake swarm, November 28, 2024
Spectrogram of Mammoth Mountain earthquake swarm, November 28, 2024
Spectrogram of Mammoth Mountain earthquake swarm, November 28, 2024

These spectrograms of seismic stations near Long Valley's Mammoth Mountain show the brightly-colored punctuated spasms of small earthquakes happening within a 10 minute period.

These spectrograms of seismic stations near Long Valley's Mammoth Mountain show the brightly-colored punctuated spasms of small earthquakes happening within a 10 minute period.

A young female geologist stands on a volcanic crater rim with her hands on her hips, wearing a gray shirt and green hat.
Genna Chiaro
Genna Chiaro
Genna Chiaro

USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Scholar Genna Chiaro specializes in petrology, geochronology, and volcanology. 

USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Scholar Genna Chiaro specializes in petrology, geochronology, and volcanology. 

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