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Image showing small stream surrounded by cropland
Small stream surrounded by cropland
Small stream surrounded by cropland
Small stream surrounded by cropland

Small stream running through an agricultural area in Iowa with crops surrounding it.

Small stream running through an agricultural area in Iowa with crops surrounding it.

Scientist standing in a laboratory next to an instrument
Scientist standing near a high resolution mass spectrometer
Scientist standing near a high resolution mass spectrometer
Scientist standing near a high resolution mass spectrometer

USGS scientist standing near the high-resolution mass spectrometer at the U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center. The instrument will be used for analyses of PFAS in plasma and tissue samples. Any display of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

USGS scientist standing near the high-resolution mass spectrometer at the U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center. The instrument will be used for analyses of PFAS in plasma and tissue samples. Any display of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

High resolution mass spectrometer in  laboratory
High resolution mass spectrometer used for chemical analyses
High resolution mass spectrometer used for chemical analyses
High resolution mass spectrometer used for chemical analyses

High resolution mass spectrometer at the USGS Eastern Ecological Science Center.   Any display of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

High resolution mass spectrometer at the USGS Eastern Ecological Science Center.   Any display of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Scientist collecting soil and worms
USGS scientists collecting soil and worms at a site on Cape Cod, Mass.
USGS scientists collecting soil and worms at a site on Cape Cod, Mass.
USGS scientists collecting soil and worms at a site on Cape Cod, Mass.

USGS scientists Gregory D'Agostino and Katherine Wares collecting soil and worms at a site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, that was contaminated by PFAS from fire-fighting foam.  

USGS scientists Gregory D'Agostino and Katherine Wares collecting soil and worms at a site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, that was contaminated by PFAS from fire-fighting foam.  

Scientist placing invertebrate into sampling container
Invertebrates being collected at a site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts
Invertebrates being collected at a site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts
Invertebrates being collected at a site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts

Invertebrate being collected at a site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, that was contaminated by PFAS from fire-fighting foam used at the site. 

Invertebrate being collected at a site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, that was contaminated by PFAS from fire-fighting foam used at the site. 

Scientist installing a swallow nesting box near a pond
Scientist installing a nest box near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Mass.
Scientist installing a nest box near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Mass.
Scientist installing a nest box near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Mass.

Scientist istalling a swallow nest box near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod Massachusetts as part of a study on the fate and effects of PFAS chemicals. 

Scientist istalling a swallow nest box near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod Massachusetts as part of a study on the fate and effects of PFAS chemicals. 

USGS scientists operate drones over a prescribed burn in a field in Kansas.
USGS scientists operate drones with particulate and gas samplers over a prescribed burn in Kansas.
USGS scientists operate drones with particulate and gas samplers over a prescribed burn in Kansas.
USGS scientists operate drones with particulate and gas samplers over a prescribed burn in Kansas.

Joe Adams (USGS National Uncrewed Systems Office) pilots and Keith Grabner (USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center) acts as visual observer as a drone equipped with EPA particulate and gas samplers (right) hovers in the plume of a spring prescribed burn at the Konza Prairie Biological Station, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas.

Joe Adams (USGS National Uncrewed Systems Office) pilots and Keith Grabner (USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center) acts as visual observer as a drone equipped with EPA particulate and gas samplers (right) hovers in the plume of a spring prescribed burn at the Konza Prairie Biological Station, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas.

U.S. Geological Survey scientist holding a Colorado pikeminnow
Scientist holding a fish collected from the Upper Colorado River basin
Scientist holding a fish collected from the Upper Colorado River basin
Scientist holding a fish collected from the Upper Colorado River basin

U.S. Geological Survey scientists holding a Colorado pikeminnow during a sampling trip in the Upper Colorado River Basin.

U.S. Geological Survey scientists holding a Colorado pikeminnow during a sampling trip in the Upper Colorado River Basin.

Pictures spliced together showing collecting bottom sediments
Lake bottom sediment collection from Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Mass.
Lake bottom sediment collection from Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Mass.
Lake bottom sediment collection from Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Mass.

USGS scientists Jason Sorenson and Andrea Tokranov (out of the image) collecting lake-bottom sediments from Ashumet Pond on Cape Cod, Massachusetts for use in laboratory experiments on the fate of PFAS at groundwater/surface-water boundaries.  The sediments are collected by pushing a tube into the lake bottom and transferring the sediment and pore water in

USGS scientists Jason Sorenson and Andrea Tokranov (out of the image) collecting lake-bottom sediments from Ashumet Pond on Cape Cod, Massachusetts for use in laboratory experiments on the fate of PFAS at groundwater/surface-water boundaries.  The sediments are collected by pushing a tube into the lake bottom and transferring the sediment and pore water in

central eastern U.S. states with boundary outline
Chesapeake Bay Watershed boundary, USA
Chesapeake Bay Watershed boundary, USA
Chesapeake Bay Watershed boundary, USA

The Chesapeake Bay watershed, or draingage basin, encompasses six states - New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. A drainage basin is a giant system of creeks, streams, and rivers that all flow into a common outlet, which in this case is the Chesapeake Bay.

The Chesapeake Bay watershed, or draingage basin, encompasses six states - New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. A drainage basin is a giant system of creeks, streams, and rivers that all flow into a common outlet, which in this case is the Chesapeake Bay.

Transition between melanistic (left side) and normal areas of skin (right side).
Melanistic and normal areas of fish skin
Melanistic and normal areas of fish skin
Melanistic and normal areas of fish skin

Microscopic appearance of normal and melanistic skin in fish from Chesapeake Bay watershed.

Microscopic appearance of normal and melanistic skin in fish from Chesapeake Bay watershed.

Rural setting in North Dakota
White barn in a rural setting
White barn in a rural setting
White barn in a rural setting

White barn in a rural setting in North Dakota.

Winnewissa Falls viewing area
Visitors at Winnewissa Falls viewing area, Pipestone National Monument
Visitors at Winnewissa Falls viewing area, Pipestone National Monument
Image of numerous aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa in a tray of water
Numerous aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa collected from a stream
Numerous aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa collected from a stream
Numerous aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa collected from a stream

Benthic macroinvertebrate taxa collected from Straight Run, Tioga County, Pennsyvania, USA. 

Satellite data derived cyanobacteria biomass estimate
Aerial image and satellite derived image of Florida Lakes
Aerial image and satellite derived image of Florida Lakes
Aerial image and satellite derived image of Florida Lakes

This image is a cropped rendition of  two aerial images that demonstrate satellite-derived cyanobacteria concentrations in surface waters from an area in Florida.

This image is a cropped rendition of  two aerial images that demonstrate satellite-derived cyanobacteria concentrations in surface waters from an area in Florida.

Schematic of two wetland treatments
A seasonal wetland engineered to have a deeper and shallow pool
A seasonal wetland engineered to have a deeper and shallow pool
A seasonal wetland engineered to have a deeper and shallow pool

Graphical depiction of a seasonal wetland engineered to have a deeper pool and more open water on the downstream side of the wetland. This management strategy was tested during a 3-year period to determine if it resulted in a reduction of methylmercury in caged fish and surface water.

Graphical depiction of a seasonal wetland engineered to have a deeper pool and more open water on the downstream side of the wetland. This management strategy was tested during a 3-year period to determine if it resulted in a reduction of methylmercury in caged fish and surface water.

constructed wetland montage
A seasonal wetland engineered to have a deeper and shallow pool
A seasonal wetland engineered to have a deeper and shallow pool
A seasonal wetland engineered to have a deeper and shallow pool

A three year study was conducted in seasonal wetlands to determine if a deep and shallow water pool resulted in a reduction of methylmercury in caged fish and surface water.

A three year study was conducted in seasonal wetlands to determine if a deep and shallow water pool resulted in a reduction of methylmercury in caged fish and surface water.

Map of the study region showing the location of lakes in (A) Florida and (B) Ohio
Map of the study region showing the location of lakes in FL and OH
Map of the study region showing the location of lakes in FL and OH
Map of the study region showing the location of lakes in FL and OH

Map of the study region showing the location of lakes in (A) Florida and (B) Ohio. In total, 135 lakes in Florida and 21 lakes in Ohio, were resolvable with the full resolution MERIS data and are used in this study. Land and lakes are shown in gray and blue colors respectively.

Map of the study region showing the location of lakes in (A) Florida and (B) Ohio. In total, 135 lakes in Florida and 21 lakes in Ohio, were resolvable with the full resolution MERIS data and are used in this study. Land and lakes are shown in gray and blue colors respectively.

Cyanobacteria Bloom Magnitude Estimated for Florida and Ohio Lakes
Algal bloom magnitude in Florida lakes
Algal bloom magnitude in Florida lakes
Algal bloom magnitude in Florida lakes

(A). Algal bloom magnitude in Florida lakes in 2011 before normalization and (B) after normalization by lake surface area. Area-normalized magnitude (km−2) of selected lakes provided as part of bar labels in parenthesis.

(A). Algal bloom magnitude in Florida lakes in 2011 before normalization and (B) after normalization by lake surface area. Area-normalized magnitude (km−2) of selected lakes provided as part of bar labels in parenthesis.

picture of water running off an agricultural field through a weir
Sampling rain induced runoff from wastewater effluent-irrigated agricultural runoff site on August 30, 2019, at the Oklahoma State University South Central Research Station in Chickasha, Oklahoma. Photograph by Jason Masoner, U.S. Geological Survey.
Sampling rain induced runoff from wastewater effluent-irrigated agricultural runoff site on August 30, 2019, at the Oklahoma State University South Central Research Station in Chickasha, Oklahoma. Photograph by Jason Masoner, U.S. Geological Survey.
Sampling rain induced runoff from wastewater effluent-irrigated agricultural runoff site on August 30, 2019, at the Oklahoma State University South Central Research Station in Chickasha, Oklahoma. Photograph by Jason Masoner, U.S. Geological Survey.

This photo show runoff from an experimental plot through a weir.  Scientists carried out the study at the Oklahoma State University South Central Research Station in Chickasha, Oklahoma. Its a good example of rain induced runoff. 

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