Chesapeake Bay Streamflow Statistics by Month and Year
Explore resources here describing estimates of freshwater flow entering Chesapeake Bay.
The health of the Chesapeake Bay is greatly affected by freshwater flow from rivers draining its watershed. The amount of freshwater flow (also called streamflow) will:
• Change salinity levels in the Bay, which affect oysters, crabs, and finfish.
• Influence the amounts of nutrients, sediment, and contaminants delivered to tidal waters, which affects fisheries and submerged aquatic vegetation.
The USGS provides estimates of the monthly and annual amounts of freshwater flow into the Bay so scientists and managers can better understand effects on ecosystem conditions.
Monthly Mean Streamflow Over The Past 2 Years
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Most recent estimated monthly mean streamflow entering Chesapeake Bay for February 2025 was 103,800 cubic feet per second. This value, (Figure 1, Line 1), which is provisional and subject to revision, is considered to be within the normal range of February streamflow. Normal streamflow entering the Bay in February is between 72,200 cubic feet per second (Figure 1, 25-percentile) and 129,700 cubic feet per second (Figure 1, 75-percentile), of all February streamflow values over an 88-year period of record.
Annual Mean Streamflow into the Chesapeake Bay
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The estimated annual-mean streamflow entering the Chesapeake Bay over the period of record has been calculated for each of the complete water years in the period of record, beginning in 1937 as shown in Figure 2. For the most recent complete water year (2024), this value was 84,000 cubic feet per second. Normal annual-mean streamflow is between 67,250 cubic feet per second and 88,750 cubic feet per second — the 25th and 75th percentiles of all annual-mean values, respectively. Of the most recent ten complete water years, six were normal, two were above normal, and two were below normal.
Streamflow By Major Watershed
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The Amount of Freshwater from Different Watersheds: The majority of freshwater flow enters the Bay from three major watersheds: Susquehanna, Potomac, and James (Figure 3). These three watersheds, and the remaining areas, are represented by five streamflow cross sections across the Bay (A through E; Figure 3). The amount of freshwater flow from these areas is estimated each month (figure 4).
In February 2025, the largest proportion of streamflow entered at Section E, accounting for about 33 percent of total streamflow entering the Bay. This information, along with proportional flow in recent months, is shown in Figure 4.
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Estimated monthly mean streamflow entering Chesapeake Bay, shown proportionally by cross sections A through E. Water passing section A is largely from the Susquehanna River watershed; water entering between sections B and C is largely from the Potomac River watershed; and water entering between sections D and E is largely from the James River watershed.
Below are resources describing Chesapeake Bay streamflow estimation methods, the history of programming the Chesapeake Bay Streamflow interactive website, and other science projects and research associated with Chesapeake Bay estimated streamflow, such as work characterizing Chesapeake Bay Water-Quality Loads and Trends.
Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow: METHODS
Methods for Estimating Streamflow to Chesapeake Bay The following is a description of how data presented on the website "Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow" are computed. Essentially, the methodology was published more than 51 years ago, and has been adapted for use in modern automated computing systems. Approaches for summarizing data and describing it using statistics follow standard practices...
Chesapeake Bay Real-Time Streamflow Map
• A USGS WaterWatch map of real-time streamflow compared to historical streamflow for the day of the year (Mid Atlantic).
Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow: METHODS
Methods for Estimating Streamflow to Chesapeake Bay The following is a description of how data presented on the website "Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow" are computed. Essentially, the methodology was published more than 51 years ago, and has been adapted for use in modern automated computing systems. Approaches for summarizing data and describing it using statistics follow standard practices...
Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow: WEBSITE HISTORY
by Brad Garner, Hydrologist USGS This website originated as a dynamic web application (hereafter, simply webapp). That is, content such as data and graphs, were generated "on-the-fly" as requests were made by web-browser clients. This was made possible by automating the methods of Bue (1968), and by using dynamic web-content software technology. Beginning in 2019 the original dynamic web...
Chesapeake Bay Water-Quality Loads and Trends
Access the most recent data gathered from the Chesapeake Bay Nontidal Monitoring Network, learn about the techniques used to collect this data, and read about the history of the Chesapeake Bay Nontidal Monitoring Program. Nontidal Network (NTN) data refers to data from the 123 monitoring stations where nutrients and sediment are collected monthly and during storms. River Input Monitoring (RIM)...
Explore resources here describing estimates of freshwater flow entering Chesapeake Bay.
The health of the Chesapeake Bay is greatly affected by freshwater flow from rivers draining its watershed. The amount of freshwater flow (also called streamflow) will:
• Change salinity levels in the Bay, which affect oysters, crabs, and finfish.
• Influence the amounts of nutrients, sediment, and contaminants delivered to tidal waters, which affects fisheries and submerged aquatic vegetation.
The USGS provides estimates of the monthly and annual amounts of freshwater flow into the Bay so scientists and managers can better understand effects on ecosystem conditions.
Monthly Mean Streamflow Over The Past 2 Years
Media
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Most recent estimated monthly mean streamflow entering Chesapeake Bay for February 2025 was 103,800 cubic feet per second. This value, (Figure 1, Line 1), which is provisional and subject to revision, is considered to be within the normal range of February streamflow. Normal streamflow entering the Bay in February is between 72,200 cubic feet per second (Figure 1, 25-percentile) and 129,700 cubic feet per second (Figure 1, 75-percentile), of all February streamflow values over an 88-year period of record.
Annual Mean Streamflow into the Chesapeake Bay
Media
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
The estimated annual-mean streamflow entering the Chesapeake Bay over the period of record has been calculated for each of the complete water years in the period of record, beginning in 1937 as shown in Figure 2. For the most recent complete water year (2024), this value was 84,000 cubic feet per second. Normal annual-mean streamflow is between 67,250 cubic feet per second and 88,750 cubic feet per second — the 25th and 75th percentiles of all annual-mean values, respectively. Of the most recent ten complete water years, six were normal, two were above normal, and two were below normal.
Streamflow By Major Watershed
Media
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
The Amount of Freshwater from Different Watersheds: The majority of freshwater flow enters the Bay from three major watersheds: Susquehanna, Potomac, and James (Figure 3). These three watersheds, and the remaining areas, are represented by five streamflow cross sections across the Bay (A through E; Figure 3). The amount of freshwater flow from these areas is estimated each month (figure 4).
In February 2025, the largest proportion of streamflow entered at Section E, accounting for about 33 percent of total streamflow entering the Bay. This information, along with proportional flow in recent months, is shown in Figure 4.
Media
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Estimated monthly mean streamflow entering Chesapeake Bay, shown proportionally by cross sections A through E. Water passing section A is largely from the Susquehanna River watershed; water entering between sections B and C is largely from the Potomac River watershed; and water entering between sections D and E is largely from the James River watershed.
Below are resources describing Chesapeake Bay streamflow estimation methods, the history of programming the Chesapeake Bay Streamflow interactive website, and other science projects and research associated with Chesapeake Bay estimated streamflow, such as work characterizing Chesapeake Bay Water-Quality Loads and Trends.
Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow: METHODS
Methods for Estimating Streamflow to Chesapeake Bay The following is a description of how data presented on the website "Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow" are computed. Essentially, the methodology was published more than 51 years ago, and has been adapted for use in modern automated computing systems. Approaches for summarizing data and describing it using statistics follow standard practices...
Chesapeake Bay Real-Time Streamflow Map
• A USGS WaterWatch map of real-time streamflow compared to historical streamflow for the day of the year (Mid Atlantic).
Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow: METHODS
Methods for Estimating Streamflow to Chesapeake Bay The following is a description of how data presented on the website "Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow" are computed. Essentially, the methodology was published more than 51 years ago, and has been adapted for use in modern automated computing systems. Approaches for summarizing data and describing it using statistics follow standard practices...
Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow: WEBSITE HISTORY
by Brad Garner, Hydrologist USGS This website originated as a dynamic web application (hereafter, simply webapp). That is, content such as data and graphs, were generated "on-the-fly" as requests were made by web-browser clients. This was made possible by automating the methods of Bue (1968), and by using dynamic web-content software technology. Beginning in 2019 the original dynamic web...
Chesapeake Bay Water-Quality Loads and Trends
Access the most recent data gathered from the Chesapeake Bay Nontidal Monitoring Network, learn about the techniques used to collect this data, and read about the history of the Chesapeake Bay Nontidal Monitoring Program. Nontidal Network (NTN) data refers to data from the 123 monitoring stations where nutrients and sediment are collected monthly and during storms. River Input Monitoring (RIM)...