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Jake F. Weltzin

Jake joined the US Geological Survey in 2007 to design and implement the USA National Phenology Network. Since 2015 he has also served as the Program Manager for the Status & Trends Program in the Ecosystems Mission Area.

Jake’s interest in natural history developed as he grew up in Alaska and served as an exchange student in the Australian outback. His interests range broadly -- from natural resource management to ecological- and ecosystem-level research -- across a variety of systems ranging from deserts to grasslands, savannas to forests, and even to wetlands.

Research Interests

Jake is interested in how the structure and function of plant and animal populations, communities and ecosystems respond to global environmental change, including atmospheric chemistry, climate change, and biological invasions.  He also studies how scientists understand and describe changes in ecosystems over space and time, from monitoring, to data management and analysis, to delivery of ecological knowledge and information to stakeholders.  Current interests include citizen science, enterprise tools for monitoring, data visualization and delivery, and ecological forecasting. 

Professional Experience

  • Post-doctoral Fellowship at University of Notre Dame

  • Associate Professor, University of Tennessee

  • Program Director, National Science Foundation

  • Executive Director, USA National Phenology Network

  • Program Manager, Status & Trends Program, US Geological Survey

Education and Certifications

  • B.S., Colorado State University

  • M.S., Texas A&M University

  • Ph.D., University of Arizona

Science and Products

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Filter Total Items: 61

Observed changes in phenology across the USA: A regional review for the 2013 National Climate Assessment, Northeast Regional Information Sheet

This is one in a series of eight, geographic region-focused information sheets that summarizes documented changes in plant and animal phenology over the past century across the United States. This summary is based on long-term studies (10 years or more) published in the primary scientific literature since 2001. A forthcoming manuscript synthesizes the findings of the eight regional information she
Authors
Stacey A. Leicht-Young, Carolyn A.F. Enquist, Jake F. Weltzin

Observed changes in phenology across the USA: A regional review for the 2013 National Climate Assessment, Hawaii and Pacific Islands Regional Information Sheet

This is one in a series of eight, geographic region-focused information sheets that summarizes documented changes in plant and animal phenology over the past century across the United States. This summary is based on long-term studies (10 years or more) published in the primary scientific literature since 2001. A forthcoming manuscript synthesizes the findings of the eight regional information she
Authors
Stacey A. Leicht-Young, Carolyn A.F. Enquist, Jake F. Weltzin

Observed changes in phenology across the USA: A regional review for the 2013 National Climate Assessment, Southwest Regional Information Sheet

This is one in a series of eight, geographic region-focused information sheets that summarizes documented changes in plant and animal phenology over the past century across the United States. This summary is based on long-term studies (10 years or more) published in the primary scientific literature since 2001. A forthcoming manuscript synthesizes the findings of the eight regional information she
Authors
Stacey A. Leicht-Young, Carolyn A.F. Enquist, Jake F. Weltzin

Observed changes in phenology across the USA: A regional review for the 2013 National Climate Assessment, Alaska and the Arctic Regional Information Sheet

This is one in a series of eight, geographic region-focused information sheets that summarizes documented changes in plant and animal phenology over the past century across the United States. This summary is based on long-term studies (10 years or more) published in the primary scientific literature since 2001. A forthcoming manuscript synthesizes the findings of the eight regional information she
Authors
Stacey A. Leicht-Young, Carolyn A.F. Enquist, Jake F. Weltzin

Observed changes in phenology across the USA: A regional review for the 2013 National Climate Assessment, Southeast Regional Information Sheet

This is one in a series of eight, geographic region-focused information sheets that summarizes documented changes in plant and animal phenology over the past century across the United States. This summary is based on long-term studies (10 years or more) published in the primary scientific literature since 2001. A forthcoming manuscript synthesizes the findings of the eight regional information she
Authors
Stacey A. Leicht-Young, Carolyn A.F. Enquist, Jake F. Weltzin

From Caprio's lilacs to the USA National Phenology Network

Continental-scale monitoring is vital for understanding and adapting to temporal changes in seasonal climate and associated phenological responses. The success of monitoring programs will depend on recruiting, retaining, and managing members of the public to routinely collect phenological observations according to standardized protocols. Here, we trace the development of infrastructure for phenolo
Authors
Mark D. Schwartz, Julio L. Betancourt, Jake F. Weltzin
By
Water Resources Mission Area

The USA National Phenology Network; taking the pulse of our planet

People have tracked phenology for centuries and for the most practical reasons: it helped them know when to hunt and fish, when to plant and harvest crops, and when to navigate waterways. Now phenology is being used as a tool to assess climate change and its effects on both natural and modified ecosystems. How is the timing of events in plant and animal life cycles, like flowering or migration
Authors
Jake F. Weltzin

Nature's Notebook 2010: Data & participant summary

The USA National Phenology Network (USA‐NPN) seeks to engage volunteer observers to collect phenology observations of plants and animals using consistent standards and to contribute to the USANPN National Phenology Database (NPDb). The commencement of 2010 marked the second functional year of Nature’s Notebook, the online phenology observation program developed by the National Coordinating Office
Authors
Theresa Crimmins, Alyssa H. Rosemartin, R. Lee Marsh, Ellen G. Denny, Carolyn A.F. Enquist, Jake F. Weltzin

Phenology for science, resource management, decision making, and education

Fourth USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) Research Coordination Network (RCN) Annual Meeting and Stakeholders Workshop; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 21-22 September 2010; Phenology, the study of recurring plant and animal life cycle events, is rapidly emerging as a fundamental approach for understanding how ecological systems respond to environmental variation and climate change. The USA National P
Authors
V.P. Nolan, J.F. Weltzin

2009 Observer Survey Report

The USA‐National Phenology Network (USA‐NPN) seeks to engage volunteer observers in collecting phenological observations of plants and animals using consistent standards and to contribute their observations to a national data repository. In March 2009, the National Coordinating Office staff implemented an online monitoring program for 213 plant species. In this pilot year of the program, 547 obser
Authors
Theresa Crimmins, Alyssa H. Rosemartin, Alexis Lincicome, Jake F. Weltzin

2009 Data Summary USA-NPN Technical Series

The USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) engages volunteer observers to collect phenology observations of plants and animals using consistent standards and to contribute to the USA-NPN National Phenology Database. In March 2009, the USA-NPN National Coordinating Office implemented an online monitoring program for 213 plant species. In this pilot year of the program, 547 observers reported phen
Authors
Theresa Crimmins, Alyssa H. Rosemartin, Kathryn A. Thomas, R. Lee Marsh, Ellen G. Denny, Jake F. Weltzin

Phenology as a tool to link ecology and sustainable decision making in a dynamic environment

[No abstract available]
Authors
A. J. Miller-Rushing, J. Weltzin

Non-USGS Publications**

Resco de Dios, V., J.F. Weltzin, W. Sun, T.E. Huxman and D.G. Williams. 2014. Transitions from grassland to savanna under drought via passive facilitation by grasses. Journal of Vegetation Science 25:937–946. DOI: 10.1111/jvs.12164
Resco de Dios, V., J.F. Weltzin, W. Sun, T.E. Huxman, and D.G. Williams. 2012. Windows of opportunity for Prosopis velutina seedling establishment and encroachment in a semiarid grassland. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 14:275-282. DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2012.03.002
Souza, L. J.F. Weltzin, and N.J. Sanders. 2011. Differential effects of two dominant plant species on community structure and invasibility in an old-field ecosystem. Journal of Plant Ecology 4:123-131. DOI: 10.1093/jpe/rtq027
Souza, L., W.A. Bunn, J.F. Weltzin, and N.J. Sanders. 2011. Similar biotic factors affect early establishment and abundance of an invasive plant species across spatial scales. Biological Invasions 13:255-267. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9805-9
Kardol, P., C.E. Campany, L. Souza, R.J. Norby, J.F. Weltzin and A.T. Classen. 2010. Climate change effects on plant biomass alter dominance patterns and community evenness in an experimental old-field ecosystem. Global Change Biology 16:2676–2687. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02162.x
Souza, L., R.T. Belote, P. Kardol, J.F. Weltzin and R.J. Norby. 2010. CO2 enrichment accelerates successional development of an understory plant community. Journal of Plant Ecology 3:33-39. DOI: 10.1093/jpe/rtp032
Classen, A.T., R.J. Norby, C.E. Campany, K.E. Sides, and J.F. Weltzin. 2010. Climate change alters seedling emergence and establishment in an old-field ecosystem. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13476. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013476
Engel, E.C., J.F. Weltzin, R.J. Norby, and A.T. Classen. 2009. Responses of an old-field plant community to interacting factors of elevated [CO2], warming, and soil moisture. Journal of Plant Ecology 2:1-11. DOI: 10.1093/jpe/rtn026
Resco de Dios, V., B.E. Ewers, W. Sun, T.E. Huxman, J.F. Weltzin and D.G. Williams. 2009. Drought-induced hydraulic limitations constrain leaf gas exchange recovery after precipitation pulses in the C3 woody legume, Prosopis velutina. New Phytologist 181: 672–682
Bridgham, S.D., J. Pastor, B. Dewey, J.F. Weltzin, and K. Updegraff. 2008. Rapid carbon response of peatlands to climate change. Ecology 89:3041-3048. DOI: 10.1890/08-0279.1
Cable, J.M., K. Ogle, D.G. Williams, J.F. Weltzin and T.E. Huxman. 2008. Soil texture drives responses of soil respiration to precipitation pulses in the Sonoran desert: implications for climate change. Ecosystems 11:961-979. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-008-9172-x
White, J. R., R. D. Shannon, S.D. Bridgham, J. F. Weltzin, and J. Pastor. 2008. Effects of soil warming and drying on methane cycling in a northern peatland mesocosm study. Journal of Geophysical Research 113: G00A06. DOI: 10.1029/2007JG000609
McPherson, G.R. and J.F. Weltzin. 2008. Implications of peak oil for industrialized societies. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 28:187-191. DOI: 10.1177/0270467608316098
Chen, J.Q., S.D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, A. Noormets, J. Keller, and J.F. Weltzin. 2008. Temperature responses to infrared-loading and water table manipulations in peatland mesocosms. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 50:1484-1496. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00757.x
Resco de Dios, V., D.D. Ignace, W. Sun, T.E. Huxman, J.F. Weltzin and D.G. Williams. 2008. Chlorophyll fluorescence, predawn water potential and photosynthesis in precipitation pulse-driven ecosystems – implications for ecological studies. Functional Ecology 22:479-483. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01396.x
Dermody, O, J.F. Weltzin, E.C. Engel, P. Allen, and R.J. Norby. 2008. How do elevated [CO2], warming, and reduced precipitation interact to affect soil moisture and LAI in an old field ecosystem? Plant and Soil 295:217- 227. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-007-9443-x
Engel, E.C. and J.F. Weltzin. 2008. Can community composition be predicted from pairwise species interactions? Plant Ecology 195:77-85. DOI: 10.1007/s11258-007-9300-2
Wan, S., R.J. Norby, J. Ledford, and J.F. Weltzin. 2007. Responses of soil respiration to elevated CO2, air warming, and soil water availability in a model old-field grassland. Global Change Biology 13:2411–2424. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01433.x
Perkins, T.A., W.R. Holmes, and J.F. Weltzin. 2007. Multi-species interactions in competitive hierarchies: New methods and empirical test. Journal of Vegetation Science 18:685-692. Runner-up, 2007 Editors’ Award; J. Veg. Sci. (2008) 19:1-2. DOI: 10.3170/2008-8-18468
Sanders, N.J., J.F. Weltzin, G.M. Crutsinger, M.C. Fitzpatrick, M.A. Nuñez, C.M. Oswalt, and K.E. Lane. 2007. Insects mediate the effects of propagule supply and resource availability on a plant invasion. Ecology 88:2383-2391. DOI: 10.1890/06-1449.1
Fortner, A.M. and J.F. Weltzin. 2007. Competitive hierarchy for four common old-field plant species depends on resource identity and availability. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 134:166-176. DOI: 10.3159/1095-5674(2007)134[166:CHFFCO]2.0.CO;2
Ignace, D.D., T.E. Huxman, J.F. Weltzin and D.G. Williams. 2007. Leaf gas exchange and water status responses of a native and non-native grass to precipitation across contrasting soil surfaces in the Sonoran Desert. Oecologia. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0670-x
Fitzpatrick, M.C., J.F. Weltzin, N.J. Sanders, and R.R. Dunn. 2007. The biogeography of prediction error: Why does the introduced range of the fire ant over predict its native range? Global Ecology and Biogeography 16:24-33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-822x.2006.00258.x
Belote, R.T. and J.F. Weltzin. 2006. Interactions between two co-dominant, invasive plants in the understory of a temperate deciduous forest. Biological Invasions 8:1629-1641. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-005-3932-8
Potts, D.L., T.E. Huxman, J.M. Cable, N.B. English, D.D. Ignace, J.A. Eilts, M.J. Mason, J.F. Weltzin and D.G. Williams. 2006. Antecedent moisture and seasonal precipitation influence response of canopy scale carbon and water exchange to rainfall pulses in semi arid grassland. New Phytologist. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01732.x
Weltzin, J.F., R. T. Belote, L.T. Williams, J.K. Keller, and E.C. Engel. 2006. Authorship in ecology: attribution, accountability, and responsibility. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4:435-441. DOI: 10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[435:AIEAAA]2.0.CO;2 [Reply to comments: Weltzin, J.F., R. T. Belote, L.T. Williams, J.K. Keller, and E.C. Engel. 2007. Ensuring that “authors” write - the authors reply. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5:11].
Heisler, J.L. and J.F. Weltzin. 2006. Variability matters: towards a perspective on the influence of precipitation on terrestrial ecosystems. New Phytologist 172:189-192. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01876.x
Potts, D.L., T.E. Huxman, B.J. Enquist, J.F. Weltzin, and D.G. Williams. 2006. Resilience and resistance of ecosystem functional response to a precipitation pulse in a semi arid grassland. Journal of Ecology 94:23-30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365 2745.2005.01060.x.
English, N.B., J.F. Weltzin, A. Fravolini, L.M. Thomas and D.G. Williams. 2005. The influence of soil texture and vegetation on soil moisture under rainout shelters in a semi-desert grassland. Journal of Arid Environments 63:324-343. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.03.013
Yepez, E.A., T.E. Huxman, D.D. Ignace, N.B. English, J.F. Weltzin, A.E. Castellanos, and D.G. Williams. 2005. Dynamics of transpiration and evaporation following a moisture pulse in semiarid grassland: a chamber based isotope method for partitioning flux components. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 132:359-376. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.09.006
Cole, P.G. and J.F. Weltzin. 2005. Light limitation creates patchy distribution of a non-native grass in eastern deciduous forests. Biological Invasions 7:477-488.
Weltzin1, J.F., J.K. Keller1, S.D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, P.B. Allen, and J. Chen. 2005. Litter as a control on fen plant community composition and production. Oikos 110:537-546. 1Authors contributed equally.
Fitzpatrick, M.C. and J.F. Weltzin. 2005. Ecological niche models and the geography of biological invasions: a review and a novel application. Pages 45-60 in Inderjit, editor. Ecological and Agricultural Aspects of Invasive Plants. Birkhauser Verlag/Switzerland.
Sanders, N.J., R.T. Belote and J.F. Weltzin. 2004. Multi trophic effects of elevated CO2 on understory plant and arthropod communities. Environmental Entomology 33:1609-1616.
Noormets, A., J. Chen, S.D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, J.F. Weltzin, B. Dewey, and J. LeMoine. 2004. The effects of infrared loading and water table on soil energy fluxes in northern peatlands. Ecosystems 7:573-582.
Chesson, P., R.L.E. Gebauer, S. Schwinning, N. Huntly, K. Wiegand, M.S.K. Ernest, A. Sher, A. Novoplansky, and J.F. Weltzin. 2004. Resource pulses, species interactions, and diversity maintenance in arid and semi arid environments. Oecologia 141:236-253.
Cole, P.G. and J.F. Weltzin. 2004. Environmental correlates of the distribution and abundance of Microstegium vimineum in East Tennessee, USA. Southeastern Naturalist 3:545-562.
Huxman1, T.E., M.D. Smith1, P.A. Fay, A.K. Knapp, M.R. Shaw, M.E. Loik, S.D. Smith, D.T. Tissue, J.C. Zak, J.F. Weltzin, W.T. Pockman, O.E. Sala, B. Haddad, J. Harte, G.W. Koch, S. Schwinning, E.E. Small, and D.G. Williams. 1Authors contributed equally. 2004. Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency. Nature 429:651-654.
Belote, R.T., J.F. Weltzin, and R.J. Norby. 2004. Response of an understory plant community to elevated [CO2] depends on differential responses of dominant invasive species and is mediated by soil water availability. New Phytologist 161:827-835.
Huxman, T.E., J.M. Cable, D. D. Ignace, J.A. Eilts, N.B. English, J.F. Weltzin, and D.G. Williams. 2004. Response of net ecosystem gas exchange to a simulated precipitation pulse in a semi-arid grassland: the role of native versus non-native grasses and soil texture. Oecologia 141:295 305.
English, N.B., D.G. Williams, and J.F. Weltzin. 2003. Soil temperature and moisture dynamics after experimental irrigation on two contrasting soils on the Santa Rita Experimental Range: implications for mesquite establishment. Pages 188-192 in McClaran, M.P., P.F. Ffolliott, and C.B. Edminster, tech coords. Santa Rita Experimental Range: 100 Years (1903 2003) of Accomplishments and Contributions. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-30.
Weltzin, J.F., M.E. Loik, S. Schwinning, D.G. Williams, P. Fay, B. Haddad, J. Harte, T.E. Huxman, A.K. Knapp, G. Lin, W.T. Pockman, M.R. Shaw, E. Small, M.D. Smith, S.D. Smith, D.T. Tissue, and J.C. Zak. 2003. Assessing the response of terrestrial ecosystems to potential changes in precipitation. BioScience 53:941-952.
Weltzin, J.F., N.Z. Muth, B. VonHolle, and P.G. Cole. 2003. Genetic diversity and invasibility: a test using a model system with a novel experimental design. Oikos 103:505-518.
Price, C.A. and J.F. Weltzin. 2003. Managing non-native plant populations through intensive plant community restoration in Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Restoration Ecology 11:351-358.
Drake, S.J., J.F. Weltzin, and P.D. Parr. 2003. Assessment of non-native invasive plants on the National Environmental Research Park at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Castanea 68:15-30.
Weltzin, J.F. and P.B. Allen. 2003. Tree seedling recruitment in temperate deciduous forest: interactive effects of soil moisture, light, and slope position. Pages 217 - 226 in Hanson, P.J. and S.D. Wullschleger, eds. North American temperate deciduous forest responses to changing precipitation regimes. Ecological Studies, Volume 166. Springer Verlag, New York.
Weltzin, J.F., R.T. Belote, and N.J. Sanders. 2003. Biological invaders in a greenhouse world: will elevated CO2 fuel plant invasions? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1:146-153.
Weltzin, J.F., S.D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, J. Chen, and C. Harth. 2003. Potential effects of warming and drying on peatland plant community composition. Global Change Biology 9:141-151.
Weltzin, J.F. and D.T. Tissue. 2003. Resource pulses in arid environments - patterns of rain, patterns of life. New Phytologist 157:171-173.
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 2003. Assessing response of terrestrial populations, communities, and ecosystems to changes in precipitation regimes: progress to date and future directions. Pages 180-188 in Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson, eds. Changing Precipitation Regimes and Terrestrial Ecosystems: A North American Perspective. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 2003. Predicting the response of terrestrial ecosystems to potential changes in precipitation regimes. Pages 3-8 in Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson, eds. Changing Precipitation Regimes and Terrestrial Ecosystems: A North American Perspective. University of Arizona Press, Tucson
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 2003. Response of southwestern oak savannas to potential future precipitation regimes. Pages 127-146 in Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson, eds. Changing Precipitation Regimes and Terrestrial Ecosystems: A North American Perspective. University of
Arizona Press, Tucson
Pastor, J., B. Peckman, S.D. Bridgham, J.F. Weltzin, and J. Chen. 2002. Plant community dynamics, nutrient cycling, and alternative stable equilibria in peatlands. American Naturalist 160:553-568.
R.J. Norby, P.J. Hanson, E.G. O'Neill, T.J. Tschaplinski, J.F. Weltzin, R.T. Hansen, W. Cheng, S.D. Wullschleger, C.A. Gunderson, N.T. Edwards, and D.W. Johnson. 2002. Net primary productivity of a CO2-enriched deciduous forest and the implications for carbon storage. Ecological Applications 12:1261-1266.
Weltzin, J.F., K.A. Snyder, and D.G. Williams. 2001. Experimental manipulations of precipitation seasonality: effects on oak (Quercus) seedling demography and physiology. Western North American Naturalist 61:463-472.
Weltzin, J.F., C. Harth, S.D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, and M. Vonderharr. 2001. Production and microtopography of bog bryophytes: response to warming and water-table manipulations. Oecologia 128:557-565.
McPherson, G.R. and J.F. Weltzin. 2000. Disturbance and climate change in United States/Mexico borderland plant communities: A state-of-the-knowledge review. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-50. 20 pp
Hanson, P.J. and J.F. Weltzin. 2000. Drought and climate change as vectors of disturbance in temperate forest communities. Science of the Total Environment 262:205-220
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 1999. Facilitation of conspecific seedling recruitment and shifts in temperate savanna ecotones. Ecological Monographs 69:513-534
Weltzin, J.F., J. Pastor, C. Harth, S.D. Bridgham, K. Updegraff, and C.T. Chapin. 2000. Response of bog and fen plant communities to warming and water-table manipulations. Ecology 81:3464-3478.
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 2000. Implications of precipitation redistribution for shifts in temperate savanna ecotones. Ecology 81:1902-1913
Williams, D.G., G.R. McPherson, and J.F. Weltzin. 1999. Stress in wildland plants: implications for ecosystem structure and function. Pages 907 929 in M. Pessarakli, ed. Handbook of plant and crop stress, second edition. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY.
Weltzin, J.F., S.R. Archer, and R.K. Heitschmidt. 1998. Defoliation and woody plant (Prosopis glandulosa) seedling establishment: potential vs. realized herbivory tolerance. Plant Ecology 138:127-135
McPherson, G.R. and J.F. Weltzin. 1998. Herbaceous response to canopy removal in southwestern oak woodlands. Journal of Range Management 51:674-678
Weltzin, J.F., S.R. Archer, and R.K. Heitschmidt. 1997. Small mammal regulation of vegetation structure in a temperate savanna. Ecology 78:751-763
Weltzin, J.F., S.L. Dowhower, and R.K. Heitschmidt. 1997. Prairie dog effects on plant community structure in southern mixed-grass prairie. Southwestern Naturalist 42:251-258.
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 1997. Spatial and temporal soil moisture resource partitioning by trees and savannas in a temperate savanna, Arizona, USA. Oecologia 112:156-164.
Germaine, H.L., G.R. McPherson, K. Rojahn, A. Nicholas, and J.F. Weltzin. 1997. Constraints on germination and emergence of Emory oak. Pages 225-230 in R.B. Standiford, technical coordinator. Proceedings of a Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Ecology, Management, and Urban Interface Issues. USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Experiment Station General Technical Report PSW-160, Berkeley, California
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 1995. Potential effects of climate change on lower treelines in the southwestern United States. Pages 180-193 in DeBano, L.F., G.J. Gottfried, R.H. Hamre, C.B. Edminster, P.F. Ffolliott, and A. Ortega-Rubio, technical coordinators. Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Experiment Station General Technical Report RM-264, Fort Collins, Colorado
Weltzin, J. F. and M.B. Coughenour. 1990. Savanna tree influence on understory vegetation and soil nutrients in northwestern Kenya. Journal of Vegetation Science 1:325-334.

**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.

Science and Products

No results found.
Filter Total Items: 61

Observed changes in phenology across the USA: A regional review for the 2013 National Climate Assessment, Northeast Regional Information Sheet

This is one in a series of eight, geographic region-focused information sheets that summarizes documented changes in plant and animal phenology over the past century across the United States. This summary is based on long-term studies (10 years or more) published in the primary scientific literature since 2001. A forthcoming manuscript synthesizes the findings of the eight regional information she
Authors
Stacey A. Leicht-Young, Carolyn A.F. Enquist, Jake F. Weltzin

Observed changes in phenology across the USA: A regional review for the 2013 National Climate Assessment, Hawaii and Pacific Islands Regional Information Sheet

This is one in a series of eight, geographic region-focused information sheets that summarizes documented changes in plant and animal phenology over the past century across the United States. This summary is based on long-term studies (10 years or more) published in the primary scientific literature since 2001. A forthcoming manuscript synthesizes the findings of the eight regional information she
Authors
Stacey A. Leicht-Young, Carolyn A.F. Enquist, Jake F. Weltzin

Observed changes in phenology across the USA: A regional review for the 2013 National Climate Assessment, Southwest Regional Information Sheet

This is one in a series of eight, geographic region-focused information sheets that summarizes documented changes in plant and animal phenology over the past century across the United States. This summary is based on long-term studies (10 years or more) published in the primary scientific literature since 2001. A forthcoming manuscript synthesizes the findings of the eight regional information she
Authors
Stacey A. Leicht-Young, Carolyn A.F. Enquist, Jake F. Weltzin

Observed changes in phenology across the USA: A regional review for the 2013 National Climate Assessment, Alaska and the Arctic Regional Information Sheet

This is one in a series of eight, geographic region-focused information sheets that summarizes documented changes in plant and animal phenology over the past century across the United States. This summary is based on long-term studies (10 years or more) published in the primary scientific literature since 2001. A forthcoming manuscript synthesizes the findings of the eight regional information she
Authors
Stacey A. Leicht-Young, Carolyn A.F. Enquist, Jake F. Weltzin

Observed changes in phenology across the USA: A regional review for the 2013 National Climate Assessment, Southeast Regional Information Sheet

This is one in a series of eight, geographic region-focused information sheets that summarizes documented changes in plant and animal phenology over the past century across the United States. This summary is based on long-term studies (10 years or more) published in the primary scientific literature since 2001. A forthcoming manuscript synthesizes the findings of the eight regional information she
Authors
Stacey A. Leicht-Young, Carolyn A.F. Enquist, Jake F. Weltzin

From Caprio's lilacs to the USA National Phenology Network

Continental-scale monitoring is vital for understanding and adapting to temporal changes in seasonal climate and associated phenological responses. The success of monitoring programs will depend on recruiting, retaining, and managing members of the public to routinely collect phenological observations according to standardized protocols. Here, we trace the development of infrastructure for phenolo
Authors
Mark D. Schwartz, Julio L. Betancourt, Jake F. Weltzin
By
Water Resources Mission Area

The USA National Phenology Network; taking the pulse of our planet

People have tracked phenology for centuries and for the most practical reasons: it helped them know when to hunt and fish, when to plant and harvest crops, and when to navigate waterways. Now phenology is being used as a tool to assess climate change and its effects on both natural and modified ecosystems. How is the timing of events in plant and animal life cycles, like flowering or migration
Authors
Jake F. Weltzin

Nature's Notebook 2010: Data & participant summary

The USA National Phenology Network (USA‐NPN) seeks to engage volunteer observers to collect phenology observations of plants and animals using consistent standards and to contribute to the USANPN National Phenology Database (NPDb). The commencement of 2010 marked the second functional year of Nature’s Notebook, the online phenology observation program developed by the National Coordinating Office
Authors
Theresa Crimmins, Alyssa H. Rosemartin, R. Lee Marsh, Ellen G. Denny, Carolyn A.F. Enquist, Jake F. Weltzin

Phenology for science, resource management, decision making, and education

Fourth USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) Research Coordination Network (RCN) Annual Meeting and Stakeholders Workshop; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 21-22 September 2010; Phenology, the study of recurring plant and animal life cycle events, is rapidly emerging as a fundamental approach for understanding how ecological systems respond to environmental variation and climate change. The USA National P
Authors
V.P. Nolan, J.F. Weltzin

2009 Observer Survey Report

The USA‐National Phenology Network (USA‐NPN) seeks to engage volunteer observers in collecting phenological observations of plants and animals using consistent standards and to contribute their observations to a national data repository. In March 2009, the National Coordinating Office staff implemented an online monitoring program for 213 plant species. In this pilot year of the program, 547 obser
Authors
Theresa Crimmins, Alyssa H. Rosemartin, Alexis Lincicome, Jake F. Weltzin

2009 Data Summary USA-NPN Technical Series

The USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) engages volunteer observers to collect phenology observations of plants and animals using consistent standards and to contribute to the USA-NPN National Phenology Database. In March 2009, the USA-NPN National Coordinating Office implemented an online monitoring program for 213 plant species. In this pilot year of the program, 547 observers reported phen
Authors
Theresa Crimmins, Alyssa H. Rosemartin, Kathryn A. Thomas, R. Lee Marsh, Ellen G. Denny, Jake F. Weltzin

Phenology as a tool to link ecology and sustainable decision making in a dynamic environment

[No abstract available]
Authors
A. J. Miller-Rushing, J. Weltzin

Non-USGS Publications**

Resco de Dios, V., J.F. Weltzin, W. Sun, T.E. Huxman and D.G. Williams. 2014. Transitions from grassland to savanna under drought via passive facilitation by grasses. Journal of Vegetation Science 25:937–946. DOI: 10.1111/jvs.12164
Resco de Dios, V., J.F. Weltzin, W. Sun, T.E. Huxman, and D.G. Williams. 2012. Windows of opportunity for Prosopis velutina seedling establishment and encroachment in a semiarid grassland. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 14:275-282. DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2012.03.002
Souza, L. J.F. Weltzin, and N.J. Sanders. 2011. Differential effects of two dominant plant species on community structure and invasibility in an old-field ecosystem. Journal of Plant Ecology 4:123-131. DOI: 10.1093/jpe/rtq027
Souza, L., W.A. Bunn, J.F. Weltzin, and N.J. Sanders. 2011. Similar biotic factors affect early establishment and abundance of an invasive plant species across spatial scales. Biological Invasions 13:255-267. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9805-9
Kardol, P., C.E. Campany, L. Souza, R.J. Norby, J.F. Weltzin and A.T. Classen. 2010. Climate change effects on plant biomass alter dominance patterns and community evenness in an experimental old-field ecosystem. Global Change Biology 16:2676–2687. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02162.x
Souza, L., R.T. Belote, P. Kardol, J.F. Weltzin and R.J. Norby. 2010. CO2 enrichment accelerates successional development of an understory plant community. Journal of Plant Ecology 3:33-39. DOI: 10.1093/jpe/rtp032
Classen, A.T., R.J. Norby, C.E. Campany, K.E. Sides, and J.F. Weltzin. 2010. Climate change alters seedling emergence and establishment in an old-field ecosystem. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13476. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013476
Engel, E.C., J.F. Weltzin, R.J. Norby, and A.T. Classen. 2009. Responses of an old-field plant community to interacting factors of elevated [CO2], warming, and soil moisture. Journal of Plant Ecology 2:1-11. DOI: 10.1093/jpe/rtn026
Resco de Dios, V., B.E. Ewers, W. Sun, T.E. Huxman, J.F. Weltzin and D.G. Williams. 2009. Drought-induced hydraulic limitations constrain leaf gas exchange recovery after precipitation pulses in the C3 woody legume, Prosopis velutina. New Phytologist 181: 672–682
Bridgham, S.D., J. Pastor, B. Dewey, J.F. Weltzin, and K. Updegraff. 2008. Rapid carbon response of peatlands to climate change. Ecology 89:3041-3048. DOI: 10.1890/08-0279.1
Cable, J.M., K. Ogle, D.G. Williams, J.F. Weltzin and T.E. Huxman. 2008. Soil texture drives responses of soil respiration to precipitation pulses in the Sonoran desert: implications for climate change. Ecosystems 11:961-979. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-008-9172-x
White, J. R., R. D. Shannon, S.D. Bridgham, J. F. Weltzin, and J. Pastor. 2008. Effects of soil warming and drying on methane cycling in a northern peatland mesocosm study. Journal of Geophysical Research 113: G00A06. DOI: 10.1029/2007JG000609
McPherson, G.R. and J.F. Weltzin. 2008. Implications of peak oil for industrialized societies. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 28:187-191. DOI: 10.1177/0270467608316098
Chen, J.Q., S.D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, A. Noormets, J. Keller, and J.F. Weltzin. 2008. Temperature responses to infrared-loading and water table manipulations in peatland mesocosms. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 50:1484-1496. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00757.x
Resco de Dios, V., D.D. Ignace, W. Sun, T.E. Huxman, J.F. Weltzin and D.G. Williams. 2008. Chlorophyll fluorescence, predawn water potential and photosynthesis in precipitation pulse-driven ecosystems – implications for ecological studies. Functional Ecology 22:479-483. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01396.x
Dermody, O, J.F. Weltzin, E.C. Engel, P. Allen, and R.J. Norby. 2008. How do elevated [CO2], warming, and reduced precipitation interact to affect soil moisture and LAI in an old field ecosystem? Plant and Soil 295:217- 227. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-007-9443-x
Engel, E.C. and J.F. Weltzin. 2008. Can community composition be predicted from pairwise species interactions? Plant Ecology 195:77-85. DOI: 10.1007/s11258-007-9300-2
Wan, S., R.J. Norby, J. Ledford, and J.F. Weltzin. 2007. Responses of soil respiration to elevated CO2, air warming, and soil water availability in a model old-field grassland. Global Change Biology 13:2411–2424. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01433.x
Perkins, T.A., W.R. Holmes, and J.F. Weltzin. 2007. Multi-species interactions in competitive hierarchies: New methods and empirical test. Journal of Vegetation Science 18:685-692. Runner-up, 2007 Editors’ Award; J. Veg. Sci. (2008) 19:1-2. DOI: 10.3170/2008-8-18468
Sanders, N.J., J.F. Weltzin, G.M. Crutsinger, M.C. Fitzpatrick, M.A. Nuñez, C.M. Oswalt, and K.E. Lane. 2007. Insects mediate the effects of propagule supply and resource availability on a plant invasion. Ecology 88:2383-2391. DOI: 10.1890/06-1449.1
Fortner, A.M. and J.F. Weltzin. 2007. Competitive hierarchy for four common old-field plant species depends on resource identity and availability. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 134:166-176. DOI: 10.3159/1095-5674(2007)134[166:CHFFCO]2.0.CO;2
Ignace, D.D., T.E. Huxman, J.F. Weltzin and D.G. Williams. 2007. Leaf gas exchange and water status responses of a native and non-native grass to precipitation across contrasting soil surfaces in the Sonoran Desert. Oecologia. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0670-x
Fitzpatrick, M.C., J.F. Weltzin, N.J. Sanders, and R.R. Dunn. 2007. The biogeography of prediction error: Why does the introduced range of the fire ant over predict its native range? Global Ecology and Biogeography 16:24-33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-822x.2006.00258.x
Belote, R.T. and J.F. Weltzin. 2006. Interactions between two co-dominant, invasive plants in the understory of a temperate deciduous forest. Biological Invasions 8:1629-1641. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-005-3932-8
Potts, D.L., T.E. Huxman, J.M. Cable, N.B. English, D.D. Ignace, J.A. Eilts, M.J. Mason, J.F. Weltzin and D.G. Williams. 2006. Antecedent moisture and seasonal precipitation influence response of canopy scale carbon and water exchange to rainfall pulses in semi arid grassland. New Phytologist. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01732.x
Weltzin, J.F., R. T. Belote, L.T. Williams, J.K. Keller, and E.C. Engel. 2006. Authorship in ecology: attribution, accountability, and responsibility. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4:435-441. DOI: 10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[435:AIEAAA]2.0.CO;2 [Reply to comments: Weltzin, J.F., R. T. Belote, L.T. Williams, J.K. Keller, and E.C. Engel. 2007. Ensuring that “authors” write - the authors reply. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5:11].
Heisler, J.L. and J.F. Weltzin. 2006. Variability matters: towards a perspective on the influence of precipitation on terrestrial ecosystems. New Phytologist 172:189-192. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01876.x
Potts, D.L., T.E. Huxman, B.J. Enquist, J.F. Weltzin, and D.G. Williams. 2006. Resilience and resistance of ecosystem functional response to a precipitation pulse in a semi arid grassland. Journal of Ecology 94:23-30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365 2745.2005.01060.x.
English, N.B., J.F. Weltzin, A. Fravolini, L.M. Thomas and D.G. Williams. 2005. The influence of soil texture and vegetation on soil moisture under rainout shelters in a semi-desert grassland. Journal of Arid Environments 63:324-343. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.03.013
Yepez, E.A., T.E. Huxman, D.D. Ignace, N.B. English, J.F. Weltzin, A.E. Castellanos, and D.G. Williams. 2005. Dynamics of transpiration and evaporation following a moisture pulse in semiarid grassland: a chamber based isotope method for partitioning flux components. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 132:359-376. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.09.006
Cole, P.G. and J.F. Weltzin. 2005. Light limitation creates patchy distribution of a non-native grass in eastern deciduous forests. Biological Invasions 7:477-488.
Weltzin1, J.F., J.K. Keller1, S.D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, P.B. Allen, and J. Chen. 2005. Litter as a control on fen plant community composition and production. Oikos 110:537-546. 1Authors contributed equally.
Fitzpatrick, M.C. and J.F. Weltzin. 2005. Ecological niche models and the geography of biological invasions: a review and a novel application. Pages 45-60 in Inderjit, editor. Ecological and Agricultural Aspects of Invasive Plants. Birkhauser Verlag/Switzerland.
Sanders, N.J., R.T. Belote and J.F. Weltzin. 2004. Multi trophic effects of elevated CO2 on understory plant and arthropod communities. Environmental Entomology 33:1609-1616.
Noormets, A., J. Chen, S.D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, J.F. Weltzin, B. Dewey, and J. LeMoine. 2004. The effects of infrared loading and water table on soil energy fluxes in northern peatlands. Ecosystems 7:573-582.
Chesson, P., R.L.E. Gebauer, S. Schwinning, N. Huntly, K. Wiegand, M.S.K. Ernest, A. Sher, A. Novoplansky, and J.F. Weltzin. 2004. Resource pulses, species interactions, and diversity maintenance in arid and semi arid environments. Oecologia 141:236-253.
Cole, P.G. and J.F. Weltzin. 2004. Environmental correlates of the distribution and abundance of Microstegium vimineum in East Tennessee, USA. Southeastern Naturalist 3:545-562.
Huxman1, T.E., M.D. Smith1, P.A. Fay, A.K. Knapp, M.R. Shaw, M.E. Loik, S.D. Smith, D.T. Tissue, J.C. Zak, J.F. Weltzin, W.T. Pockman, O.E. Sala, B. Haddad, J. Harte, G.W. Koch, S. Schwinning, E.E. Small, and D.G. Williams. 1Authors contributed equally. 2004. Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency. Nature 429:651-654.
Belote, R.T., J.F. Weltzin, and R.J. Norby. 2004. Response of an understory plant community to elevated [CO2] depends on differential responses of dominant invasive species and is mediated by soil water availability. New Phytologist 161:827-835.
Huxman, T.E., J.M. Cable, D. D. Ignace, J.A. Eilts, N.B. English, J.F. Weltzin, and D.G. Williams. 2004. Response of net ecosystem gas exchange to a simulated precipitation pulse in a semi-arid grassland: the role of native versus non-native grasses and soil texture. Oecologia 141:295 305.
English, N.B., D.G. Williams, and J.F. Weltzin. 2003. Soil temperature and moisture dynamics after experimental irrigation on two contrasting soils on the Santa Rita Experimental Range: implications for mesquite establishment. Pages 188-192 in McClaran, M.P., P.F. Ffolliott, and C.B. Edminster, tech coords. Santa Rita Experimental Range: 100 Years (1903 2003) of Accomplishments and Contributions. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-30.
Weltzin, J.F., M.E. Loik, S. Schwinning, D.G. Williams, P. Fay, B. Haddad, J. Harte, T.E. Huxman, A.K. Knapp, G. Lin, W.T. Pockman, M.R. Shaw, E. Small, M.D. Smith, S.D. Smith, D.T. Tissue, and J.C. Zak. 2003. Assessing the response of terrestrial ecosystems to potential changes in precipitation. BioScience 53:941-952.
Weltzin, J.F., N.Z. Muth, B. VonHolle, and P.G. Cole. 2003. Genetic diversity and invasibility: a test using a model system with a novel experimental design. Oikos 103:505-518.
Price, C.A. and J.F. Weltzin. 2003. Managing non-native plant populations through intensive plant community restoration in Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Restoration Ecology 11:351-358.
Drake, S.J., J.F. Weltzin, and P.D. Parr. 2003. Assessment of non-native invasive plants on the National Environmental Research Park at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Castanea 68:15-30.
Weltzin, J.F. and P.B. Allen. 2003. Tree seedling recruitment in temperate deciduous forest: interactive effects of soil moisture, light, and slope position. Pages 217 - 226 in Hanson, P.J. and S.D. Wullschleger, eds. North American temperate deciduous forest responses to changing precipitation regimes. Ecological Studies, Volume 166. Springer Verlag, New York.
Weltzin, J.F., R.T. Belote, and N.J. Sanders. 2003. Biological invaders in a greenhouse world: will elevated CO2 fuel plant invasions? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1:146-153.
Weltzin, J.F., S.D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, J. Chen, and C. Harth. 2003. Potential effects of warming and drying on peatland plant community composition. Global Change Biology 9:141-151.
Weltzin, J.F. and D.T. Tissue. 2003. Resource pulses in arid environments - patterns of rain, patterns of life. New Phytologist 157:171-173.
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 2003. Assessing response of terrestrial populations, communities, and ecosystems to changes in precipitation regimes: progress to date and future directions. Pages 180-188 in Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson, eds. Changing Precipitation Regimes and Terrestrial Ecosystems: A North American Perspective. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 2003. Predicting the response of terrestrial ecosystems to potential changes in precipitation regimes. Pages 3-8 in Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson, eds. Changing Precipitation Regimes and Terrestrial Ecosystems: A North American Perspective. University of Arizona Press, Tucson
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 2003. Response of southwestern oak savannas to potential future precipitation regimes. Pages 127-146 in Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson, eds. Changing Precipitation Regimes and Terrestrial Ecosystems: A North American Perspective. University of
Arizona Press, Tucson
Pastor, J., B. Peckman, S.D. Bridgham, J.F. Weltzin, and J. Chen. 2002. Plant community dynamics, nutrient cycling, and alternative stable equilibria in peatlands. American Naturalist 160:553-568.
R.J. Norby, P.J. Hanson, E.G. O'Neill, T.J. Tschaplinski, J.F. Weltzin, R.T. Hansen, W. Cheng, S.D. Wullschleger, C.A. Gunderson, N.T. Edwards, and D.W. Johnson. 2002. Net primary productivity of a CO2-enriched deciduous forest and the implications for carbon storage. Ecological Applications 12:1261-1266.
Weltzin, J.F., K.A. Snyder, and D.G. Williams. 2001. Experimental manipulations of precipitation seasonality: effects on oak (Quercus) seedling demography and physiology. Western North American Naturalist 61:463-472.
Weltzin, J.F., C. Harth, S.D. Bridgham, J. Pastor, and M. Vonderharr. 2001. Production and microtopography of bog bryophytes: response to warming and water-table manipulations. Oecologia 128:557-565.
McPherson, G.R. and J.F. Weltzin. 2000. Disturbance and climate change in United States/Mexico borderland plant communities: A state-of-the-knowledge review. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-50. 20 pp
Hanson, P.J. and J.F. Weltzin. 2000. Drought and climate change as vectors of disturbance in temperate forest communities. Science of the Total Environment 262:205-220
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 1999. Facilitation of conspecific seedling recruitment and shifts in temperate savanna ecotones. Ecological Monographs 69:513-534
Weltzin, J.F., J. Pastor, C. Harth, S.D. Bridgham, K. Updegraff, and C.T. Chapin. 2000. Response of bog and fen plant communities to warming and water-table manipulations. Ecology 81:3464-3478.
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 2000. Implications of precipitation redistribution for shifts in temperate savanna ecotones. Ecology 81:1902-1913
Williams, D.G., G.R. McPherson, and J.F. Weltzin. 1999. Stress in wildland plants: implications for ecosystem structure and function. Pages 907 929 in M. Pessarakli, ed. Handbook of plant and crop stress, second edition. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY.
Weltzin, J.F., S.R. Archer, and R.K. Heitschmidt. 1998. Defoliation and woody plant (Prosopis glandulosa) seedling establishment: potential vs. realized herbivory tolerance. Plant Ecology 138:127-135
McPherson, G.R. and J.F. Weltzin. 1998. Herbaceous response to canopy removal in southwestern oak woodlands. Journal of Range Management 51:674-678
Weltzin, J.F., S.R. Archer, and R.K. Heitschmidt. 1997. Small mammal regulation of vegetation structure in a temperate savanna. Ecology 78:751-763
Weltzin, J.F., S.L. Dowhower, and R.K. Heitschmidt. 1997. Prairie dog effects on plant community structure in southern mixed-grass prairie. Southwestern Naturalist 42:251-258.
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 1997. Spatial and temporal soil moisture resource partitioning by trees and savannas in a temperate savanna, Arizona, USA. Oecologia 112:156-164.
Germaine, H.L., G.R. McPherson, K. Rojahn, A. Nicholas, and J.F. Weltzin. 1997. Constraints on germination and emergence of Emory oak. Pages 225-230 in R.B. Standiford, technical coordinator. Proceedings of a Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Ecology, Management, and Urban Interface Issues. USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Experiment Station General Technical Report PSW-160, Berkeley, California
Weltzin, J.F. and G.R. McPherson. 1995. Potential effects of climate change on lower treelines in the southwestern United States. Pages 180-193 in DeBano, L.F., G.J. Gottfried, R.H. Hamre, C.B. Edminster, P.F. Ffolliott, and A. Ortega-Rubio, technical coordinators. Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Experiment Station General Technical Report RM-264, Fort Collins, Colorado
Weltzin, J. F. and M.B. Coughenour. 1990. Savanna tree influence on understory vegetation and soil nutrients in northwestern Kenya. Journal of Vegetation Science 1:325-334.

**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.

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