The Apollo 11 Traverses (left) did not travel more than ~1/10th of a mile from the LEM. The Apollo 17 Traverses (base image), on the other hand, traveled 22.2 miles in Grover. This map illustrates the difference in scale between the two missions. Photo Credit: NASA/GFSC/ASU, USGS Astrogeology
Images
Browse here for some of our available imagery. We may get permission to use some non-USGS images and these should be marked and are subject to copyright laws. USGS Astrogeology images can be freely downloaded.
The Apollo 11 Traverses (left) did not travel more than ~1/10th of a mile from the LEM. The Apollo 17 Traverses (base image), on the other hand, traveled 22.2 miles in Grover. This map illustrates the difference in scale between the two missions. Photo Credit: NASA/GFSC/ASU, USGS Astrogeology
![Example of nested map scales using USGS IMAP 800](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/Nested%20mapping%20example.png?itok=G8XROvN9)
The nested quality of USGS IMAP 800 is exemplified in this image. The inset of the 1:50K (smaller area, larger scale) landing site map is outlined on the 1:250K (larger area, smaller scale) map of the Taurus Littrow area. Photo Credit: USGS Astrogeology
The nested quality of USGS IMAP 800 is exemplified in this image. The inset of the 1:50K (smaller area, larger scale) landing site map is outlined on the 1:250K (larger area, smaller scale) map of the Taurus Littrow area. Photo Credit: USGS Astrogeology
GOES-West image of the explosive eruption of the Hunga Tonga volcano in 2022. The explosion atmospheric pressure waves that traveled around the world. Read more here.
GOES-West image of the explosive eruption of the Hunga Tonga volcano in 2022. The explosion atmospheric pressure waves that traveled around the world. Read more here.
![Grayscale image of the Gruithuisen domes features on the Moon](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/lroc_gruithuisen_domes.png?itok=eQ-B_fNE)
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) mosaic of the Gruithuisen (pronounced “groot-high-sen”) domes on the Moon. These unusual high-silica volcanic features are the target of the NASA Lunar Vulkan Imaging Spectroscopy Explorer (Lunar-VISE) mission. USGS scientist Kristen Bennett is a member of the Lunar-VISE science team.
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) mosaic of the Gruithuisen (pronounced “groot-high-sen”) domes on the Moon. These unusual high-silica volcanic features are the target of the NASA Lunar Vulkan Imaging Spectroscopy Explorer (Lunar-VISE) mission. USGS scientist Kristen Bennett is a member of the Lunar-VISE science team.
![Photograph showing a group of people hiking over rocks and boulders into the interior of Meteor Crater.](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/hiking_in_meteor_crater.jpg?itok=4YA1fGAz)
This photograph shows members of the Asteroid Impact Modeling Working Group workshop participants descending into Meteor Crater in northern Arizona. Meteor Crater is the best-preserved asteroid impact crater on Earth. It has been used to study the effects of impact, and as a site to train astronauts.
This photograph shows members of the Asteroid Impact Modeling Working Group workshop participants descending into Meteor Crater in northern Arizona. Meteor Crater is the best-preserved asteroid impact crater on Earth. It has been used to study the effects of impact, and as a site to train astronauts.
This a version of the logo for the Python Hyperspectral Analysis Tool (PyHAT). It is intended for use in info boxes on the USGS website. The spectrum in the graphic is a laser induced breakdown spectroscopy spectrum, plotted on a logarithmic y axis to emphasize weaker emission peaks.
This a version of the logo for the Python Hyperspectral Analysis Tool (PyHAT). It is intended for use in info boxes on the USGS website. The spectrum in the graphic is a laser induced breakdown spectroscopy spectrum, plotted on a logarithmic y axis to emphasize weaker emission peaks.
![screenshot of an example data table in PyHAT format](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/pyhat_data_format_example.png?itok=VTLtFx-x)
Screenshot showing the simple data format used by the Python Hyperspectral Analysis Tool (PyHAT). Spectra are stored in rows of the table, along with their associated metadata and compositional information.
Screenshot showing the simple data format used by the Python Hyperspectral Analysis Tool (PyHAT). Spectra are stored in rows of the table, along with their associated metadata and compositional information.
This image was taken of the Martian surface by the NASA MSL rover on sol 4158, showing an assortment of clasts.
This image was taken of the Martian surface by the NASA MSL rover on sol 4158, showing an assortment of clasts.
![Image showing the PyHAT logo, screenshot of the GUI, and several plots](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/pyhat_banner.png?itok=wIKgonsy)
This image is intended as a summary/promotional image for the Python Hyperspectral Analysis Tool (PyHAT) software.
This image is intended as a summary/promotional image for the Python Hyperspectral Analysis Tool (PyHAT) software.
![CRISM mineral map image, with Red = Olivine, Green = High-Ca Pyroxene, and Blue = Low-Ca pyroxene](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/CRISM_rgb.png?itok=naqXttBT)
This figure shows an example mineral parameter map image generated using PyHAT. The area in this Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) image is Jezero crater, the landing site of NASA's Mars Perseverance rover.
This figure shows an example mineral parameter map image generated using PyHAT. The area in this Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) image is Jezero crater, the landing site of NASA's Mars Perseverance rover.
Image shows a poorly sorted collection of clasts, taken by the NASA Mars Curiosity rover on sol 4139.
Image shows a poorly sorted collection of clasts, taken by the NASA Mars Curiosity rover on sol 4139.
![Graph of PCA scores, color coded by Fe2O3T content, and the loading vectors used to calculate the scores.](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/PCA_color_code_example.png?itok=ZbU8IfDa)
This figure shows an example PCA plot generated using PyHAT. The input data were laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra. PyHAT was used to apply a baseline correction and normalization to the total intensity for each spectrum.
This figure shows an example PCA plot generated using PyHAT. The input data were laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra. PyHAT was used to apply a baseline correction and normalization to the total intensity for each spectrum.
![Plot of PCA scores and loadings. The points in the scores plot are color coded based on the cluster assigned by k-means](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/PCA_clustering_kmeans_example.png?itok=Qs8MhDFR)
Python Hyperspectral Analysis Tool (PyHAT) Principal Component Analysis K-Means Clustering Example
linkThis figure shows an example PCA plot generated using PyHAT. The input data were laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra. PyHAT was used to apply a baseline correction and normalization to the total intensity for each spectrum.
Python Hyperspectral Analysis Tool (PyHAT) Principal Component Analysis K-Means Clustering Example
linkThis figure shows an example PCA plot generated using PyHAT. The input data were laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra. PyHAT was used to apply a baseline correction and normalization to the total intensity for each spectrum.
![Scatter plot showing PCA scores as points. Several points are marked in red as outliers.](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/outlier_example.png?itok=tIAeVEOz)
This figure shows an example of outlier identification using PyHAT. The input data were laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra. PyHAT was used to apply a baseline correction and normalization to the total intensity for each spectrum. Dimensionality was then reduced using principal components analysis (PCA).
This figure shows an example of outlier identification using PyHAT. The input data were laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra. PyHAT was used to apply a baseline correction and normalization to the total intensity for each spectrum. Dimensionality was then reduced using principal components analysis (PCA).
![Plot showing the LIBS spectrum of basalt, with colored lines approximating the baseline using different algorithms.](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/baseline_example.png?itok=dAqFS_5e)
This figure shows an example spectrum plot generated using PyHAT. The black line is a laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectrum of a basalt sample. The colored lines show the baseline estimated using several different algorithms.
This figure shows an example spectrum plot generated using PyHAT. The black line is a laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectrum of a basalt sample. The colored lines show the baseline estimated using several different algorithms.
![Plot showing the training set and cross validation error vs number of components for a PLS model predicting CaO](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/pls_cv_plot_example.png?itok=4o6fd-WP)
This figure shows the results of cross-validating a Partial Least Squares (PLS) model to predict the abundance of CaO in geologic targets using PyHAT. Cross validation is necessary to optimize the parameters of a regression algorithm to avoid overfitting.
This figure shows the results of cross-validating a Partial Least Squares (PLS) model to predict the abundance of CaO in geologic targets using PyHAT. Cross validation is necessary to optimize the parameters of a regression algorithm to avoid overfitting.
![Scatter plot comparing predicted vs actual CaO content for a set of spectra of geologic targets using two regression models](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/CaO_1to1_example.png?itok=WBAxTgEf)
This figure compares the results of two regression models to predict the abundance of CaO in geologic standards based on their laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra using PyHAT. The horizontal axis is the independently measured CaO abundance, the vertical axis is the abundance predicted by the models.
This figure compares the results of two regression models to predict the abundance of CaO in geologic standards based on their laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra using PyHAT. The horizontal axis is the independently measured CaO abundance, the vertical axis is the abundance predicted by the models.
This is the small logo for the Python Hyperspectral Analysis Tool (PyHAT). It is intended for use as a thumbnail. The spectrum in the graphic is a laser induced breakdown spectroscopy spectrum, plotted on a logarithmic y axis to emphasize weaker emission peaks.
This is the small logo for the Python Hyperspectral Analysis Tool (PyHAT). It is intended for use as a thumbnail. The spectrum in the graphic is a laser induced breakdown spectroscopy spectrum, plotted on a logarithmic y axis to emphasize weaker emission peaks.
A coloring page and information about Grover, the USGS's geologic rover that went to the moon during the Apollo missions.
A coloring page and information about Grover, the USGS's geologic rover that went to the moon during the Apollo missions.
Screenshot of the user interface of the GeoSTAC project, with symbolized polygons on a Mars map (left) and a selection panel (right).
Screenshot of the user interface of the GeoSTAC project, with symbolized polygons on a Mars map (left) and a selection panel (right).
Photo of the GeoKings team taken by mentor Trent Hare in a ballroom full of other people, which is the poster session where they won their award. GeoKings from left to right: Zack Bryant, Jackson Brittain, John Cardeccia, Andrew Usvat, and Alex Poole.
Photo of the GeoKings team taken by mentor Trent Hare in a ballroom full of other people, which is the poster session where they won their award. GeoKings from left to right: Zack Bryant, Jackson Brittain, John Cardeccia, Andrew Usvat, and Alex Poole.