Map of horizontal displacement vectors for Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in and around Mount St. Helens. Blue arrows show the direction and magnitude of horizontal movement, as measured at the GPS station from 2008-2014. The total horizontal displacement is indicated in millimeters (mm) and inches (in).
Images
Volcano Hazard Program images.
![Horizontal displacement vectors for GPS stations at Mount St. Helen...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img1439.jpg?itok=C285Sqph)
Map of horizontal displacement vectors for Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in and around Mount St. Helens. Blue arrows show the direction and magnitude of horizontal movement, as measured at the GPS station from 2008-2014. The total horizontal displacement is indicated in millimeters (mm) and inches (in).
![Volcano Evacuation Route sign along a roadway in Washington State. ...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img464.jpg?itok=k27-9HMJ)
Volcano Evacuation Route sign along a roadway in Washington State.
Volcano Evacuation Route sign along a roadway in Washington State.
![Shaded relief map of Kīlauea Volcano's summit with caldera bounding...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img4789.png?itok=oOe1XvHT)
Shaded relief map of Kīlauea Volcano's summit with caldera bounding faults delineated.
Shaded relief map of Kīlauea Volcano's summit with caldera bounding faults delineated.
![Coconut grove and campground on the southern shoreline of Kīlauea V...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img4750.jpg?itok=Quq1rHOm)
Coconut grove and campground on the southern shoreline of Kīlauea Volcano at Halapē before 1975 magnitude 7.7 earthquake. Halapē was a popular hiking destination in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park.
Coconut grove and campground on the southern shoreline of Kīlauea Volcano at Halapē before 1975 magnitude 7.7 earthquake. Halapē was a popular hiking destination in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park.
Guardian Geyser and Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park.
Guardian Geyser and Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park.
Scientist collects a sample of gas in a vacuum sealed glass bottle near Nymph Lake, Yellowstone National Park.
Scientist collects a sample of gas in a vacuum sealed glass bottle near Nymph Lake, Yellowstone National Park.
Mammoth Hot Springs at Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
Mammoth Hot Springs at Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
CalVO staff assembled in the Rambo Auditorium, Menlo Park, CA
CalVO staff assembled in the Rambo Auditorium, Menlo Park, CA
![Tracking the advance of Crater Glacier at Mount St. Helens, Washing...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img1321.jpg?itok=PEKrxdDt)
Information regarding volume and rates of advance for the crevassed Crater Glacier at Mount St. Helens, Washington, are extracted from Digital Elevation Models created from aerial photography. The red line shows the extent of Crater Glacier in 2012. Since 2012, the glacier has advanced about 50 m (160 ft) down the Loowit channel.
Information regarding volume and rates of advance for the crevassed Crater Glacier at Mount St. Helens, Washington, are extracted from Digital Elevation Models created from aerial photography. The red line shows the extent of Crater Glacier in 2012. Since 2012, the glacier has advanced about 50 m (160 ft) down the Loowit channel.
![Technologies track surface changes at Yellowstone....](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img1325.jpg?itok=-0N1uDhh)
Summer geology intern Mindy Juergenson climbs over downed lodgepole pine trees killed in the fire of 1988 as she packs a GPS station out of the field (inset). Nine temporary stations are deployed each April/May and retrieved in October/November. The temporary stations supplement a network of permanent stations that record ground deformation data year-round.
Summer geology intern Mindy Juergenson climbs over downed lodgepole pine trees killed in the fire of 1988 as she packs a GPS station out of the field (inset). Nine temporary stations are deployed each April/May and retrieved in October/November. The temporary stations supplement a network of permanent stations that record ground deformation data year-round.
![Leveling measurements of the slope of the Mount St. Helens' crater ...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img550.jpg?itok=okaDjlnY)
Tiltmeters allowed 24-hour monitoring as the information was telemetered back to CVO. Other instruments such as displacement meters for measuring cracks, seismometers for measuring earthquakes, gas sensors for measuring gas concentrations, and magnetometers for measuring the magnetic field, were also used for 24-hour monitoring.
Tiltmeters allowed 24-hour monitoring as the information was telemetered back to CVO. Other instruments such as displacement meters for measuring cracks, seismometers for measuring earthquakes, gas sensors for measuring gas concentrations, and magnetometers for measuring the magnetic field, were also used for 24-hour monitoring.
![Locations (Lat, Long, Depth) of January 17, 2010, earthquake swarm ...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img5463.jpg?itok=SsIfEipA)
Locations (Lat, Long, Depth) of January 17, 2010, earthquake swarm on Madison Plateau, Yellowstone National Park.
Locations (Lat, Long, Depth) of January 17, 2010, earthquake swarm on Madison Plateau, Yellowstone National Park.
Top panel shows a continuous GPS station located in Yellowstone National Park. The antenna is secured to the ground by several metal poles, and a nearby set of solar panels provides power to the station. Lower panel shows a semipermanent GPS station, with a small solar array for power and an antenna located close to the ground.
Top panel shows a continuous GPS station located in Yellowstone National Park. The antenna is secured to the ground by several metal poles, and a nearby set of solar panels provides power to the station. Lower panel shows a semipermanent GPS station, with a small solar array for power and an antenna located close to the ground.
![Researchers generate a bathymetric contour map of Castle Lake, near...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img5681.jpg?itok=FpQf7Pv-)
Researchers map the bottom of Castle Lake, near Mount St. Helens. For three days, researchers ran a small boat over the lake surface equipped with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The ADCP bounces an acoustic wave off the bottom that is reflected back to a mobile receiver in the boat.
Researchers map the bottom of Castle Lake, near Mount St. Helens. For three days, researchers ran a small boat over the lake surface equipped with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The ADCP bounces an acoustic wave off the bottom that is reflected back to a mobile receiver in the boat.
![Stratified 275-m (900-ft) thick mid-Holocene pyroclastic flow and l...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img1200.jpg?itok=qlnHCYPU)
Visible relief in the hillside exposure is about 800-900 ft. Dusty assemblage deposit occurred approximately between 5100 and 5500 yr B.P. Magma volume of >5 km3, which is a lot for what was probably one eruptive stage. The source lava dome is gone, apparently having disintegrated entirely during extrusion and subsequent glacial interaction.
Visible relief in the hillside exposure is about 800-900 ft. Dusty assemblage deposit occurred approximately between 5100 and 5500 yr B.P. Magma volume of >5 km3, which is a lot for what was probably one eruptive stage. The source lava dome is gone, apparently having disintegrated entirely during extrusion and subsequent glacial interaction.
![Dusty Creek drainage experiences regular lahars. Gamma Ridge Format...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img1201.jpg?itok=qXBL3NEm)
Non-volcanic peaks of the North Cascades lie in the background. Dusty Creek drainage experiences regular lahars. Gamma Ridge Formation are hydrothermally altered rocks on left ridge. Loose pyroclastic fill deposits cap right ridge; Eastern view, Glacier Peak, Washington.
Non-volcanic peaks of the North Cascades lie in the background. Dusty Creek drainage experiences regular lahars. Gamma Ridge Formation are hydrothermally altered rocks on left ridge. Loose pyroclastic fill deposits cap right ridge; Eastern view, Glacier Peak, Washington.
![Exposed rock ridges are thick Pleistocene lava flows that were conf...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img1203.jpg?itok=iJ_zZgeX)
Exposed rock ridges are thick Pleistocene lava flows that were confined between large glaciers. Glacier Peak, Washington, view north.
Exposed rock ridges are thick Pleistocene lava flows that were confined between large glaciers. Glacier Peak, Washington, view north.
![Geologists examining ash layers associated with the Dusty assemblag...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img1204.jpg?itok=fHTvrzfP)
The orange layer just below geologist's hiking pole is the Mazama ash (about 7700 ybp). Below that are glacial deposits. Above the Mazama is about a meter consisting mostly of fine-grained tephras from Glacier Peak, capped by soil and plants. That the tephras sit directly on top of the Mazama indicates that "Dusty" eruptions commenced about 7,000 years ago.
The orange layer just below geologist's hiking pole is the Mazama ash (about 7700 ybp). Below that are glacial deposits. Above the Mazama is about a meter consisting mostly of fine-grained tephras from Glacier Peak, capped by soil and plants. That the tephras sit directly on top of the Mazama indicates that "Dusty" eruptions commenced about 7,000 years ago.
![Ice-chilled lava columns at the end of a Glacier Peak lava flow, Wa...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img1205.jpg?itok=z41T_XKb)
Impressive columns like these form along the margins of ice-confined lava flows but usually are eroded off the sides due to continued glacial movement after an eruption ceases. Columns are better preserved at the ends of the flows (this photo) where they are protected somewhat from the ice.
Impressive columns like these form along the margins of ice-confined lava flows but usually are eroded off the sides due to continued glacial movement after an eruption ceases. Columns are better preserved at the ends of the flows (this photo) where they are protected somewhat from the ice.
![Glacier Peak volcano, Washington reflected in pond below the Whitec...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img1206.jpg?itok=DL13sIv9)
Glacier Peak volcano, Washington reflected in pond below the Whitechuck Glacier, view from the south in late summer.
Glacier Peak volcano, Washington reflected in pond below the Whitechuck Glacier, view from the south in late summer.
![Boulder Creek leading from Mount Baker, Washington is a hydrology m...](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/vhp_img1216.jpg?itok=2LTcWG6f)
Boulder Creek leading from Mount Baker, Washington is a hydrology monitoring site where water is collected and measured for chemicals that may signal volcanic unrest.
Boulder Creek leading from Mount Baker, Washington is a hydrology monitoring site where water is collected and measured for chemicals that may signal volcanic unrest.