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Testing for Avian Influenza

Avian Influenza Surveillance

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) conducts surveillance in wild birds to facilitate early detection and situational awareness for high consequence pathogens, including highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses.
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Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center
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Avian Influenza Surveillance

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) conducts surveillance in wild birds to facilitate early detection and situational awareness for high consequence pathogens, including highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses.
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tricolored bat hangs upside down on a rock wall

Investigating coronaviruses and white-nose syndrome fungus in free-ranging North American bats

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, using samples collected by state, federal, and tribal partners as part of the white-nose syndrome/Pd fungus surveillance, assessed the genetic diversity of bat coronaviruses in North America.
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National Wildlife Health Center
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Investigating coronaviruses and white-nose syndrome fungus in free-ranging North American bats

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, using samples collected by state, federal, and tribal partners as part of the white-nose syndrome/Pd fungus surveillance, assessed the genetic diversity of bat coronaviruses in North America.
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Bats benefit from maintaining a close-knit roosting group.

Tracking Bats and Coronaviruses

Below are the USGS 2020 Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) research projects related to tracking bats and coronaviruses. Select tabs above for related items.
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Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Fort Collins Science Center, National Wildlife Health Center, Western Ecological Research Center (WERC)
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Tracking Bats and Coronaviruses

Below are the USGS 2020 Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) research projects related to tracking bats and coronaviruses. Select tabs above for related items.
Learn More
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Swabs for Extraction

Diagnostic Virology Laboratory (DVL)

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center's Diagnostic Virology Laboratory (DVL) detects existing and identifies emerging pathogens of wildlife.
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Diagnostic Virology Laboratory (DVL)

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center's Diagnostic Virology Laboratory (DVL) detects existing and identifies emerging pathogens of wildlife.
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Northern gannet flying with mountains in background.

Avian Influenza

Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). It remains a global disease with potential high consequence with the potential to threaten wildlife, agriculture, and human health.
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Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center
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Avian Influenza

Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). It remains a global disease with potential high consequence with the potential to threaten wildlife, agriculture, and human health.
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Mosquito, species not verified

Vector-Borne Diseases

Vector-borne diseases are transmitted from one animal to another by vectors, including insects, such as mosquitoes or fleas, and arachnids, such as ticks. The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates wildlife diseases, including vector-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus and sylvatic plague.
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Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center
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Vector-Borne Diseases

Vector-borne diseases are transmitted from one animal to another by vectors, including insects, such as mosquitoes or fleas, and arachnids, such as ticks. The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates wildlife diseases, including vector-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus and sylvatic plague.
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Two sea otters floating on their backs in water.

Human Influenza Virus Infects Sea Otters

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists, in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, have discovered evidence of the same influenza virus (H1N1) in sea otters living off the coast of Washington State that caused the 2009 "swine flu" pandemic in humans. During a sea otter health monitoring projectconducted in 2011, researchers discovered antibodies for the pandemic 2009...
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Ecosystems Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Environmental Health Program, Toxic Substances Hydrology
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Human Influenza Virus Infects Sea Otters

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists, in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, have discovered evidence of the same influenza virus (H1N1) in sea otters living off the coast of Washington State that caused the 2009 "swine flu" pandemic in humans. During a sea otter health monitoring projectconducted in 2011, researchers discovered antibodies for the pandemic 2009...
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Specimens collected for pathogen profiling in North American lagomorphs

Collection data for rabbit tissues sequenced for metagenomic evaluation of selected tissues.
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National Wildlife Health Center

Avian disease screening of translocated sage grouse captured in Montana, USA

The purpose of this project is to determine the infectious status and exposure status of several diseases that have the potential to impact the health of greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) captured in Montana, USA to be translocated to Alberta, Canada. Specific disease status to be tested include, infection with avian influenza virus (AIV), infection with Avian Paramyxovirus...
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National Wildlife Health Center

Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) weights and Ct values for SARS-CoV-2 Infection challenge

Little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) weights and SARS-CoV2 test results were collected as part of study to assess transmission potential of SARS-CoV2 in North American bat populations. It has been proposed that the SARS-CoV-2 virus originated in Asian bats and subsequently spread through human populations as a pandemic. There is concern that infected humans could transmit the virus to...
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National Wildlife Health Center

Epidemiologic and diagnostic data from two red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and one fisher (Pekania pennanti) with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 submitted to the USGS National Wildlife Health Center in 2022

This dataset includes epidemiology, clinical signs, gross and microscopic pathology, and virology data from two red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and one fisher (Pekania pennanti) submitted to the USGS-National Wildlife Health Center for cause-of-death determination and confirmed positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 by USDA’s National Veterinary Services Laboratories. The...
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National Wildlife Health Center

Raw MinION FASTQ datafiles corresponding to the paper “A comparison of avian influenza virus whole genome sequencing approaches using nanopore technology”

Raw sequencing data as generated by the five different methods used are provided for each of the three samples used in the comparison. The files are in FASTQ format as exported from the Oxford Nanopore’s MK1C using MinION flowcells. Files are labeled according to the method (as described in the paper) and the Sample ID). The MK1C exports data in blocks of 6000 reads per FASTQ file and...
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National Wildlife Health Center

Viral loads, histology, and adverse events in transgenic mice after passive transfer of serum from black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) used to assess the anti-viral efficacy of a subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate

This data set provides biological information from of a captive study of transgenic mice that received either passive serum transfers from black-footed ferrets (BFFs) that were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 or BFFs that were unvaccinated, or a monoclonal antibody against SARS-CoV-2 or lastly a placebo. After these treatments mice were challenged with SARS-CoV-2. The data included here...
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National Wildlife Health Center

Data from the article “An opportunistic survey reveals an unexpected coronavirus diversity hotspot in North America”

In summer 2020, SARS-CoV-2 was detected on mink farms in Utah. An interagency One Health response was initiated to assess the extent of the outbreak and included sampling animals from or near affected mink farms and testing them for SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS coronaviruses. Among the 365 animals sampled, including domestic cats, mink, rodents, raccoons, and skunks, 261 (72%) of the animals...
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National Wildlife Health Center

Data set on reticuloendotheliosis in Hawaiian birds

Only one virus, Avipox, has been documented in wild birds in Hawaii. Here, using immunohistochemistry and PCR, we found that two native threatened Hawaiian geese, one with multicentric histiocytoma and another with toxoplasmosis and one Laysan albatross with avian pox were infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). The virus was isolated from one of the geese by cell culture. PCR...
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Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2

We experimentally challenged wild Mexican free-tailed bats (TABR) with SARS-CoV-2 to determine the susceptibility, reservoir potential, and population impacts of infection in this species. Of nine bats oronasally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2, five became infected and orally excreted moderate amounts of virus for up to 18 days post inoculation. These five subjects all seroconverted and...
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Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Data from pathology of Lagovirus europaeus GI.2/RHDV2/b (rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2) in native North American lagomorphs

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease, a notifiable foreign animal disease in the USA, was reported for the first time in wild native North American rabbits and hares in April 2020 in the southwestern USA. Affected species included the Desert Cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), Mountain Cottontail (S. nutallii), Black-tailed Jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), and Antelope Jackrabbit (L. alleni)...
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Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Avian Influenza Virus Test Results from Active Surveillance of North American Wild Birds Collected by Department of Interior from 2006-2011

Influenza A viruses are one of the most significant viral groups globally with substantial impacts on human, domestic animal and wildlife health. Wild birds are the natural reservoirs for these viruses, and active surveillance within wild bird populations provides critical information about viral evolution forming the basis of risk assessments and counter measure development...
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Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Natural infections with Pigeon Paramyxovirus-1: Pathologic changes in Eurasian collared-doves (Streptopelia decaocto) and rock pigeons (Columba livia) in the USA: Data

We reviewed pathological findings and to a lesser extent epidemiological data from 70 free-ranging columbiforms naturally infected with Pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1) from 25 different PPMV-1 mortality events in columbiforms in the USA. In a subset of 17 birds from 10 of the studied outbreaks, we carried out immunohistochemistry targeting PPMV-1 nucleoprotein to determine the tissue...
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Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center
NWHC Wildlife Health Bulletin - Avian Influenza Update
NWHC Wildlife Health Bulletin - Avian Influenza Update

NWHC Wildlife Health Bulletin - Avian Influenza Update

NWHC Wildlife Health Bulletin - Avian Influenza Update

USGS National Wildlife Health Center

Wildlife Health Bulletin 2025-01

Summary

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Ecosystems Mission Area, Natural Hazards Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center
NWHC Wildlife Health Bulletin - Avian Influenza Update

NWHC Wildlife Health Bulletin - Avian Influenza Update

NWHC Wildlife Health Bulletin - Avian Influenza Update

USGS National Wildlife Health Center

Wildlife Health Bulletin 2025-01

Summary

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Ecosystems Mission Area, Natural Hazards Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center
Lab technician sitting at lab hood pipetting into vials.
NWHC technician preparing avian samples for avian influenza testing
NWHC technician preparing avian samples for avian influenza testing
Lab technician sitting at lab hood pipetting into vials.

NWHC technician preparing avian samples for avian influenza testing

NWHC technician preparing avian samples for avian influenza testing

USGS National Wildlife Health Center laboratory technician preparing avian samples for avian influenza testing.

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Ecosystems, Fish & Wildlife Disease, National Wildlife Health Center, Laboratories for Wildlife Disease Diagnostics
Lab technician sitting at lab hood pipetting into vials.

NWHC technician preparing avian samples for avian influenza testing

NWHC technician preparing avian samples for avian influenza testing

USGS National Wildlife Health Center laboratory technician preparing avian samples for avian influenza testing.

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Ecosystems, Fish & Wildlife Disease, National Wildlife Health Center, Laboratories for Wildlife Disease Diagnostics
The inside a a refrigerator full of sample vials in trays.
Samples awaiting testing in the NWHC Diagnostic Virology Laboratory
Samples awaiting testing in the NWHC Diagnostic Virology Laboratory
The inside a a refrigerator full of sample vials in trays.

Samples awaiting testing in the NWHC Diagnostic Virology Laboratory

Samples awaiting testing in the NWHC Diagnostic Virology Laboratory

Samples awaiting testing in the National Wildlife Health Center Diagnostic Virology Laboratory.

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National Wildlife Health Center, National Wildlife Health Center
The inside a a refrigerator full of sample vials in trays.

Samples awaiting testing in the NWHC Diagnostic Virology Laboratory

Samples awaiting testing in the NWHC Diagnostic Virology Laboratory

Samples awaiting testing in the National Wildlife Health Center Diagnostic Virology Laboratory.

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National Wildlife Health Center, National Wildlife Health Center
Filter Total Items: 102

Genotypic clustering of H5N1 avian Influenza viruses in North America evaluated by ordination analysis

The introduction of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses to North America in late 2021 resulted in avian influenza outbreaks in poultry, mortality events in many wild bird species, and spillover into many mammalian species. Reassortment events with North American low pathogenic virus were identified as early as February 2022 and over 100 genotypes have been characterized. Such diversity...
Authors
Patil Tawidian, Mia K. Torchetti, Mary Lea Killian, Kristina Lantz, Krista E. Dilione, Jourdan M. Ringenberg, Sarah N. Bevins, Juliana Lenoch, Hon S. Ip
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Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Antibody response of endangered riparian brush rabbits to vaccination against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2; Caliciviridae, Lagovirus europaeus), the cause of a highly transmissible and fatal lagomorph disease, has spread rapidly through the western United States and Mexico, resulting in substantial mortality in domestic and wild rabbits. The disease was first detected in California in May 2020, prompting an interagency/zoo/academia/nonprofit team to...
Authors
Megan E. Moriarty, Jaime L. Rudd, Fumika Takahashi, Eric Hopson, Colleen Kinzley, Darren Minier, Alex Herman, Mary Lou Berninger, Fawzi Mohamed, Muzafar Makhdoomi, Leslie W. Woods, Hon S. Ip, Deana L. Clifford
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Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) are resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection

It has been proposed that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus that spread through human populations as a pandemic originated in Asian bats. There is concern that infected humans could transmit the virus to native North American bats; therefore, the susceptibility of several North American bat species to the pandemic virus has been experimentally...
Authors
Jeffrey S. Hall, Sean Nashold, Erik K. Hofmeister, Ariel Elizabeth Leon, Elizabeth Falendysz, Hon S. Ip, Carly M. Malave, Tonie E. Rocke, Mariano Carossino, Udeni B.R. Balasuriya, Susan Knowles
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Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b infections in wild terrestrial mammals, United States, 2022

We describe the pathology of natural infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of Eurasian lineage Goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b in 67 wild terrestrial mammals throughout the United States during April 1‒July 21, 2022. Affected mammals include 50 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 6 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), 4 raccoons (Procyon lotor), 2 bobcats (Lynx rufus), 2...
Authors
E. J. Elsmo, A. Wünschmann, Kimberlee B. Beckmen, L. B. Broughton-Neiswanger, E. L. Buckles, J. Hugh Ellis, S. D. Fitzgerald, Robert Gerlach, S. Hawkins, Hon S. Ip, Julia S. Lankton, E. M. Lemley, J. B. Lenoch, M. L. Killian, K. Lantz, L. Long, R. Maes, M. Mainenti, J. Melotti, M. E. Moriarty, S. Nakagun, R. M. Ruden, Valerie I. Shearn-Bochsler, D.A. Thompson, M. K. Torchetti, A. J. Van Wettere, A. G. Wise, A. L. Lim
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Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b in wild and domestic birds: Introductions into the United States and reassortments, December 2021–April 2022

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage H5 clade 2.3.4.4b continue to have a devastating effect on domestic and wild birds. Full genome sequence analyses using 1369 H5N1 HPAIVs detected in the United States (U.S.) in wild birds, commercial poultry, and backyard flocks from December 2021 to April 2022, showed three phylogenetically...
Authors
Sungsu Youk, Mia Kim Torchetti, Kristina Lantz, Julianna B. Lenoch, Mary Lea Killian, Christina Leyson, Sarah N. Bevins, Krista Dilione, Hon S. Ip, David E. Stallknecht, Rebecca L. Poulson, David L. Suarez, David E. Swayne, Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood
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Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Successful detection of Delta and Omicron Variants of SARS-CoV-2 by veterinary diagnostic laboratory participants in an interlaboratory comparison exercise

BackgroundThroughout the COVID-19 pandemic, veterinary diagnostic laboratories have tested diagnostic samples for SARS-CoV-2 both in animals and over 6 million human samples. An evaluation of the performance of those laboratories is needed using blinded test samples to ensure that laboratories report reliable data to the public. This interlaboratory comparison exercise (ILC3) builds on 2...
Authors
Kaiping Deng, Sarah M. Nemser, Kirstin Frost, Laura B. Goodman, Hon S. Ip, Mary Lea Killian, Jodie Ulaszek, Shannon Kiener, Matthew Kmet, Steffen Uhlig, Karina Hettwer, Bertrand Colson, Kapil Nichani, Anja Schlierf, Andriy Tkachenko, Megan R. Miller, Ravinder Reddy, Gregory H. Tyson
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Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Comparison of magnetic bead and rapid swab RNA extraction methods for detecting rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 in rabbit liver samples

We compared a bead RNA extraction method with a one-tube method that required only a heat block and ice. RNA was first extracted from liver samples from nine rabbits dying from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) using magnetic beads, and RT-PCR was used to detect RHDV2 sequence. Following freezing, RNA was extracted a second time using the SwiftX™ Swabs Viral RNA Extraction...
Authors
Erik K. Hofmeister, Kathryn M. Griffin, Hon S. Ip
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

An evaluation of avian influenza virus whole-genome sequencing approaches using nanopore technology

As exemplified by the global response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, whole-genome sequencing played an important role in monitoring the evolution of novel viral variants and provided guidance on potential antiviral treatments. The recent rapid and extensive introduction and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in Europe, North America, and elsewhere raises the need for...
Authors
Hon S. Ip, Sarah Uhm, Mary Lea Killian, Mia K. Torchetti
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is thought to have originated in wild bats from Asia, and as the resulting pandemic continues into its third year, concerns have been raised that the virus will expand its host range and infect North American wildlife species, including bats. Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) live in large colonies in...
Authors
Jeffrey S. Hall, Erik K. Hofmeister, Hon S. Ip, Sean Nashold, Ariel Elizabeth Leon, Carly Marie Malave, Elizabeth Falendysz, Tonie E. Rocke, M. Carossino, U. Balasuriya, Susan Knowles
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Immunogenicity, safety, and anti-viral efficacy of a subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate in captive black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) and their susceptibility to viral challenge

A preliminary vaccination trial against the emergent pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, was completed in captive black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes; BFF) to assess safety, immunogenicity, and anti-viral efficacy. Vaccination and boosting of 15 BFF with purified SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit protein produced a nearly 150-fold increase in mean antibody titers compared to pre-vaccination titers. Serum...
Authors
Ariel Elizabeth Leon, Della Garelle, Airn Hartwig, Elizabeth Falendysz, Hon S. Ip, Julia S. Lankton, Tyler Tretten, Terry Spraker, Richard Bowen, Tonie E. Rocke
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Second round of an interlaboratory comparison of SARS-CoV2 molecular detection assays used by 45 veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States

The COVID-19 pandemic presents a continued public health challenge. Veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States use RT-rtPCR for animal testing, and many laboratories are certified for testing human samples; hence, ensuring that laboratories have sensitive and specific SARS-CoV2 testing methods is a critical component of the pandemic response. In 2020, the FDA Veterinary...
Authors
Kaiping Deng, Steffen Uhlig, Laura B. Goodman, Hon S. Ip, Mary Lea Killiam, Sarah Nemser, Jodie Ulaszek, Shannon Kiener, Matthew Kmet, Kirstin Frost, Karina Hettwer, Bertrand Colson, Kapil Nichani, Anja Schlierf, Andriy Tkachenko, Mothomang Mlalazi Oyinloye, Scott Andrew, Ravinder Reddy, Gregory H. Tyson
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Morbidity and mortality of Hawaiin geese (Branta sandvicensis) and Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) associated with reticuloendotheliosis virus

Only one virus, Avipox, has been documented previously in wild birds in Hawaii. Using immunohistochemistry and PCR, we found that two native threatened Hawaiian Geese (Branta sandvicensis), one with multicentric histiocytoma and the other with toxoplasmosis, and one Laysan Albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) with avian pox were infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). The virus...
Authors
Thierry M. Work, Renee Breeden, Julie Dagenais, Robert Rameyer, Holly Sellers, Hon S. Ip, James W. Casey
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Species Management Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center
New study finds SARS-CoV-2 infection in escaped mink in Utah

New study finds SARS-CoV-2 infection in escaped mink in Utah

Evidence of infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, has been found in escaped farmed mink in Utah, according to a new study...

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Avian Flu From Abroad Can Spread in North American Poultry, Wild Birds

Avian Flu From Abroad Can Spread in North American Poultry, Wild Birds

Some avian influenza, or bird flu, viruses that are able to enter North America from other continents through migrating birds can be deadly to poultry...

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Much Ado about Avian Flu

Much Ado about Avian Flu

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), commonly referred to as bird flu, is making its way across North America.

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Circulation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Flu in North American Birds

Circulation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Flu in North American Birds

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses of Eurasian origin continue to circulate and evolve in North American wild birds.
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Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza Confirmed in Wild Birds in Washington State H5N2 Found in Northern Pintail Ducks & H5N8 Found in Captive Gyrfalcons

Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza Confirmed in Wild Birds in Washington State H5N2 Found in Northern Pintail Ducks & H5N8 Found in Captive Gyrfalcons

WASHINGTON, Dec. 17, 2014 — The United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) confirmed the...

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Avian Flu in Seals Could Infect People

Avian Flu in Seals Could Infect People

The avian flu virus that caused widespread harbor seal deaths in 2011 can easily spread to and infect other mammals and potentially humans.

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Sea Otters Can Get the Flu, Too

Sea Otters Can Get the Flu, Too

Northern sea otters living off the coast of Washington state were infected with the same H1N1 flu virus that caused the world-wide pandemic in 2009...

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North Atlantic May Be a New Route for Spread of Avian Flu to North America

North Atlantic May Be a New Route for Spread of Avian Flu to North America

The North Atlantic region is a newly discovered important pathway for avian influenza to move between Europe and North America, according to a U.S...

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Science and Products

*Disclaimer: Listing outside positions with professional scientific organizations on this Staff Profile are for informational purposes only and do not constitute an endorsement of those professional scientific organizations or their activities by the USGS, Department of the Interior, or U.S. Government

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