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The USGS provides unbiased, objective, and impartial scientific information upon which our audiences, including resource managers, planners, and other entities, rely.
Browse more than 5,500 book chapters authored by our scientists over the past 100+ year history of the USGS and refine search by topic, location, year, and advanced search.
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Theory, modelling and calibration of passive samplers used in water monitoring: Chapter 7
This chapter discusses contaminant uptake by a passive sampling device (PSD) that consists of a central sorption phase, surrounded by a membrane. A variety of models has been used over the past few years to better understand the kinetics of contaminant transfer to passive samplers. These models are essential for understanding how the amounts of absorbed contaminants relate to ambient concentration
Authors
K. Booij, B. Vrana, James N. Huckins
Role of prolactin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I and cortisol in Teleost Osmoregulation
This chapter focuses on the endocrine mechanisms that control the overall capacity of the ion regulatory mechanisms in teleost fish, focusing on the osmoregulatory actions of prolactin (PRL), the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis and cortisol. PRL has been shown to regulate several aspects of the ion regulatory mechanisms that are characteristic of freshwater (FW) fish.
Authors
J. M. Mancera, Stephen D. McCormick
Lithosphere stress and deformation
After several decades of investigation, a surprisingly simple view of the lithospheric state of stress has emerged. Broad regions of the lithosphere (scales up to thousands of kilometers) are characterized by remarkably uniform stress fields, both in terms of orientations and relative magnitudes. There is a strong correlation between observed intraplate stress orientations and orientations predict
Authors
M.L. Zoback, M. Zoback
Dynamic triggering
A growing body of evidence demonstrates that dynamic stresses propagating as seismic waves from large earthquakes are capable of triggering additional earthquakes ranging from aftershocks in the near-field (within one or two source dimensions of the mainshock epicenter) to remotely triggered earthquakes at distances exceeding 10 000 km. Most of the triggered earthquakes are small (generally M ≤ 3)
Authors
D.P. Hill, S.G. Prejean
Crust and lithospheric structure – Global crustal structure
The Earth’s crust has played an important role in all aspects of this planet’s evolution. This chapter presents a review of our current understanding of the physical properties of the crust on a global basis. This understanding comes from extensive seismic measurements using many techniques, as well as nonseismic geophysics, including gravity, magnetic, geoelectric, and heat flow measurements. Sei
Authors
Walter D. Mooney
Avian cholera
This chapter contains section titled:IntroductionSynonymsHistoryDistributionHost RangeEtiologyEpizootiologyClinical SignsPathogenesisPathologyDiagnosisImmunityPublic Health ConcernsDomestic Animal Health ConcernsWildlife Population ImpactsTreatment and ControlManagement ImplicationsUnpublished DataLiterature Cited
Authors
Michael D. Samuel, R. G. Botzler, G. A. Wobeser
Orthoreoviruses
This chapter contains section titled:IntroductionHistoryDistributionHost RangeEtiologyEpizootiologyClinical Signs and PathologyDiagnosisImmunityPublic Health ConcernsDomestic Animal Health ConcernsTreatment and ControlManagement ImplicationsLiterature Cited
Authors
Tuula E. Hollmen, Douglas E. Docherty
Avian pox
This chapter contains section titled:IntroductionSynonymsHistoryDistributionHost RangeEtiologyEpizootiologyClinical SignsPathogenesisPathologyDiagnosisImmunityPublic Health ConcernsDomestic Animal Health ConcernsWildlife Population ImpactsTreatment and ControlManagement ImplicationsAcknowledgementsLiterature Cited
Authors
Charles van Riper, Donald J. Forrester
Avian herpesviruses
This chapter contains section titled:IntroductionSynonymsHistoryDistributionHost RangeEtiologyEpizootiologyClinical SignsPathologyDiagnosisImmunityPublic Health ConcernsDomestic Animal Health ConcernsWildlife Population ImpactsTreatment and ControlManagement ImplicationsAcknowlegementsLiterature Cited
Authors
Erhard F. Kaleta, Douglas E. Docherty
State of the art and progress in the earthquake early warning system in Taiwan
We report here the recent progress and future development of real-time seismic monitoring in Taiwan, especially on earthquake early warning system (EWS) developed at the Central Weather Bureau (CWB), using the telemetered signals from strong-motion instruments. Utilizing a quick magnitude determination based on the first 10 sec of signals from a virtual and sub-network which is configured automati
Authors
Y. Wu, Nai-Chi Hsiao, W.H.K. Lee, Ta-Liang Teng, Tzay-Chyn Shin
Regenerated cellulose dialysis membrane sampler
No abstract available.
Authors
Thomas E. Imbrigiotta
Model calibration and issues related to validation, sensitivity analysis, post-audit, uncertainty evaluation and assessment of prediction data needs
When simulating natural and engineered groundwater flow and transport systems, one objective is to produce a model that accurately represents important aspects of the true system. However, using direct measurements of system characteristics, such as hydraulic conductivity, to construct a model often produces simulated values that poorly match observations of the system state, such as hydraulic hea
Authors
Claire R. Tiedeman, Mary C. Hill