Permanent Site: 4SP1 - East Transect; Depth: 5.9 Meters (19.3 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.8 Kilometers (0.5 Miles) East; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15257, -123.556704; Site Description: The former gravel/cobble substrate has been completely buried in sand. No live seaweeds are present.
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Permanent Site: 4SP1 - East Transect; Depth: 5.9 Meters (19.3 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.8 Kilometers (0.5 Miles) East; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15257, -123.556704; Site Description: The former gravel/cobble substrate has been completely buried in sand. No live seaweeds are present.
Permanent Site: E2 East Transect; Depth: 14.9 Meters (48.8 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.9 Kilometers (0.5 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15653002,-123.56130401; Site Description: This is one of our deeper sites. Substrate is mainly gravel/cobble with an occasional boulder. Seaweed is absent.
Permanent Site: E2 East Transect; Depth: 14.9 Meters (48.8 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.9 Kilometers (0.5 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15653002,-123.56130401; Site Description: This is one of our deeper sites. Substrate is mainly gravel/cobble with an occasional boulder. Seaweed is absent.
Permanent Site: 4SP1 - West Transect; Depth: 6.2 Meters (20.5 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.8 Kilometers (0.5 Miles) East; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15257, -123.557376; Site Description: The former gravel/cobble substrate has almost been completely buried in sand.
Permanent Site: 4SP1 - West Transect; Depth: 6.2 Meters (20.5 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.8 Kilometers (0.5 Miles) East; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15257, -123.557376; Site Description: The former gravel/cobble substrate has almost been completely buried in sand.
Permanent Site: C2 East Transect; Depth: 15.9 Meters (Feet 52.2); Distance from river mouth: 0.7 Kilometers (0.4 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.147841,-123.57596074; Site Description: One of our deepest sites. Substrate is all muddy sand. Seaweed is absent.
Permanent Site: C2 East Transect; Depth: 15.9 Meters (Feet 52.2); Distance from river mouth: 0.7 Kilometers (0.4 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.147841,-123.57596074; Site Description: One of our deepest sites. Substrate is all muddy sand. Seaweed is absent.
Permanent Site: C2 West Transect; Depth: 16.8 Meters (Feet 55.1); Distance from river mouth: 0.7 Kilometers (0.5 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.147841,-123.57663268; Site Description: One of our deepest sites. Substrate is all muddy sand. Seaweed is absent.
Permanent Site: C2 West Transect; Depth: 16.8 Meters (Feet 55.1); Distance from river mouth: 0.7 Kilometers (0.5 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.147841,-123.57663268; Site Description: One of our deepest sites. Substrate is all muddy sand. Seaweed is absent.
Permanent Site: D1 East Transect; Depth: 1.5 Meters (5 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.2 Kilometers (0.1 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15115998,-123.56734404; Site Description: This site is right off the mouth of the river and is actively being buried. This was the last year the site could be scuba surveyed.
Permanent Site: D1 East Transect; Depth: 1.5 Meters (5 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.2 Kilometers (0.1 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15115998,-123.56734404; Site Description: This site is right off the mouth of the river and is actively being buried. This was the last year the site could be scuba surveyed.
Permanent Site: D1 West Transect; Depth: 5.9 Meters (19.5 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.2 Kilometers (0.1 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15115998,-123.56801602; Site Description: This site is right off the mouth of the river and is actively being buried. This was the last year the site could be scuba surveyed.
Permanent Site: D1 West Transect; Depth: 5.9 Meters (19.5 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.2 Kilometers (0.1 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15115998,-123.56801602; Site Description: This site is right off the mouth of the river and is actively being buried. This was the last year the site could be scuba surveyed.
Permanent Site: E2 West Transect; Depth: 14.8 Meters (48.4 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.9 Kilometers (0.5 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15653002, -123.56197605; Site Description: This is one of our deeper sites. Substrate is mainly gravel/cobble with scattered boulders. Seaweed is absent.
Permanent Site: E2 West Transect; Depth: 14.8 Meters (48.4 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.9 Kilometers (0.5 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15653002, -123.56197605; Site Description: This is one of our deeper sites. Substrate is mainly gravel/cobble with scattered boulders. Seaweed is absent.
Permanent Site: A1 East Transect; Depth: 7.9 Meters (25.9 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.8 Kilometers (1.1 Miles) West; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13870775, -123.5855312; Site Description: Transect is in eastern part of Freshwater Bay. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud with an occasional boulder.
Permanent Site: A1 East Transect; Depth: 7.9 Meters (25.9 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.8 Kilometers (1.1 Miles) West; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13870775, -123.5855312; Site Description: Transect is in eastern part of Freshwater Bay. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud with an occasional boulder.
Permanent Site: F1 East Transect; Depth: 6.3 Meters (20.7 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.3 Kilometers (0.8 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15292999, -123.55011402; Site Description: This is a shallow site with gravel/cobble substrate. Woody debris is present (0:16, 0:38 seconds).
Permanent Site: F1 East Transect; Depth: 6.3 Meters (20.7 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.3 Kilometers (0.8 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15292999, -123.55011402; Site Description: This is a shallow site with gravel/cobble substrate. Woody debris is present (0:16, 0:38 seconds).
Permanent Site: F1 West Transect; Depth: 6.5 Meters (21.2 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.3 Kilometers (0.8 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15292999, -123.55078602; Site Description: This is a shallow site with gravel/cobble substrate and an occasional boulder. Woody debris is present (0:14, 0:24seconds).
Permanent Site: F1 West Transect; Depth: 6.5 Meters (21.2 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.3 Kilometers (0.8 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15292999, -123.55078602; Site Description: This is a shallow site with gravel/cobble substrate and an occasional boulder. Woody debris is present (0:14, 0:24seconds).
Permanent Site: A1 West Transect; Depth: 8.5 Meters (28.0 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.9 Kilometers (1.2 Miles) West; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13870775, -123.586203; Site Description: Transect is in eastern part of Freshwater Bay. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud with patches of boulders. Seaweeds are absent this year.
Permanent Site: A1 West Transect; Depth: 8.5 Meters (28.0 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.9 Kilometers (1.2 Miles) West; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13870775, -123.586203; Site Description: Transect is in eastern part of Freshwater Bay. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud with patches of boulders. Seaweeds are absent this year.
Permanent Site: C1 West Transect; Depth: Meters (Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.7 Kilometers (0.4 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.14525225,-123.57361291; Site Description: Substrate is entirely sand. All seaweeds are absent. Woody debris is scattered along entire transect (0:21 0:34, 0:59 seconds).
Permanent Site: C1 West Transect; Depth: Meters (Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.7 Kilometers (0.4 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.14525225,-123.57361291; Site Description: Substrate is entirely sand. All seaweeds are absent. Woody debris is scattered along entire transect (0:21 0:34, 0:59 seconds).
Permanent Site: F2 West Transect; Depth: 12.3 Meters (40.3 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.5 Kilometers (0.9 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15672004,-123.55036603; Site Description: Substrate is mainly gravel mixed with a little cobble and an occasional boulder.
Permanent Site: F2 West Transect; Depth: 12.3 Meters (40.3 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.5 Kilometers (0.9 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15672004,-123.55036603; Site Description: Substrate is mainly gravel mixed with a little cobble and an occasional boulder.
Permanent Site: K1 West Transect; Depth: 5.8 Meters (19 Feet) & 5.6 Meters (18.4 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 4.5 Kilometers (2.8 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13592923,-123.51082988; Site Description: This is a shallow site. Sediment is a gravel/sand mixture.
Permanent Site: K1 West Transect; Depth: 5.8 Meters (19 Feet) & 5.6 Meters (18.4 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 4.5 Kilometers (2.8 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13592923,-123.51082988; Site Description: This is a shallow site. Sediment is a gravel/sand mixture.
Permanent Site: K1 East Transect; Depth: 6.2 Meters (20.4 Feet) & 6.6 Meters (21.5 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 4.5 Kilometers (2.8 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13592923,-123.5101581; Site Description: This is a shallow site. Sediment is a gravel/sand mixture.
Permanent Site: K1 East Transect; Depth: 6.2 Meters (20.4 Feet) & 6.6 Meters (21.5 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 4.5 Kilometers (2.8 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13592923,-123.5101581; Site Description: This is a shallow site. Sediment is a gravel/sand mixture.
Permanent Site: A2 East Transect; Depth: 12.8 Meters (Feet 42); Distance from river mouth: Kilometers 1.8 (1.1 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.14130295, -123.58766124; Site Description: One of our deeper sites at over 40 feet. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud. Seaweeds are absent this year.
Permanent Site: A2 East Transect; Depth: 12.8 Meters (Feet 42); Distance from river mouth: Kilometers 1.8 (1.1 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 2 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.14130295, -123.58766124; Site Description: One of our deeper sites at over 40 feet. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud. Seaweeds are absent this year.
Permanent Site: H1 East Transect; Depth: 5.5 Meters (Feet 17.8); Distance from river mouth: 2.4 Kilometers (1.5 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 3 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.1479177,-123.53472865; Site Description: This is a shallow site and one of the farthest removed from the effects of the sediment plume outside of the control sites.
Permanent Site: H1 East Transect; Depth: 5.5 Meters (Feet 17.8); Distance from river mouth: 2.4 Kilometers (1.5 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 3 years post-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.1479177,-123.53472865; Site Description: This is a shallow site and one of the farthest removed from the effects of the sediment plume outside of the control sites.
-- Coastal Community Tsunami Hazards and Risk
By Nathan Wood, Geographer
-- Coastal Community Tsunami Hazards and Risk
By Nathan Wood, Geographer
One of the most tragic volcanic events of the 20th century occurred in Colombia, in 1985, when an eruption of Nevado del Ruiz produced lahars that swept down river valleys and destroyed communities in its path. Over 20,000 people perished.
One of the most tragic volcanic events of the 20th century occurred in Colombia, in 1985, when an eruption of Nevado del Ruiz produced lahars that swept down river valleys and destroyed communities in its path. Over 20,000 people perished.
USGS Hydrologic Technician Heather Bragg collects suspended-sediment sample from a cableway downstream from Fall Creek Reservoir. Reservoir was drawn down to purge sediment and trapped fish from behind dam in December 2012.
USGS Hydrologic Technician Heather Bragg collects suspended-sediment sample from a cableway downstream from Fall Creek Reservoir. Reservoir was drawn down to purge sediment and trapped fish from behind dam in December 2012.