Book Chapters

The first fish paramyxovirus was isolated from normal adult Chinook salmon returning to a coastal hatchery in Oregon in the fall of 1982. Subsequently, the virus was isolated from other stocks of adult Chinook salmon and one stock of adult coho salmon in California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska, leading to its designation as the Pacific salmon paramyxovirus (PsaPV). The slow-growing...

Originally reported in California, the cutthroat trout virus (CTV) has now been isolated from nine species of salmonids in North America. Early work focused on the replication and physical characteristics of the virus, but 20 years later was determined to be most closely related to the hepatitis E virus. The small genome is positive-sense, single-stranded RNA similar to other members of...

Volcanic unrest and eruptions are associated with surface deformation and landscape change that can be detected, characterized, and tracked via remote sensing measurements. Subsurface processes, including magma accumulation, withdrawal, and transport, can cause displacements at the surface that are best tracked at subaerial volcanoes with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)...

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

Amphibian ecology and distribution are strongly correlated with climate. Regional patterns of amphibian biodiversity are intimately linked to temperature, evapotranspiration rate, and clines in humidity. While amphibians are and will continue to be adversely affected by recent and projected changes in climate, research suggests that adaptation may happen more slowly than the expected...

The time interval from Supercontinent Nuna assembly in the late Paleoproterozoic to Supercontinent Rodinia breakup in the Neoproterozoic is considered by some geologists to comprise the “Boring Billion,” an interval possibly marked by a slowdown in plate tectonic processes. In northeastern Washington State, USA, similar to much of western Laurentia, early workers generally thought the...

The existence and dynamics of permafrost depend on the prevailing climate conditions. Therefore, the study of ancient permafrost (existing since the Pleistocene or earlier) and past permafrost (Late Pleistocene or older permafrost that no longer exists) and their dynamics may inform about climate and environmental changes in the past. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of...

This field trip examines the results of integrated geologic studies of the 9 August 2020, Mw 5.1 earthquake near Sparta, North Carolina, USA. The earthquake generated ~4 km of coseismic surface rupture of the Little River fault and uplifted a surface area of ~11 km2. The Little River fault is a thrust fault oriented 110–130°/45–70°SW, and mapped fault segments are en echelon with scarp...

Post-wildfire debris flows pose severe hazards to communities and infrastructure near and within recently burned mountainous terrain. Intense heat of wildfires changes the runoff characteristics of a watershed by combusting the vegetative canopy, litter, and duff, introducing ash into the soil and creating water repellant soils. Following wildfire, rainfall on bare ground is less able to...

Volcanic debris flows that originate at potentially active volcanoes are called lahars. Lahars are like debris flows in non-volcanic terrain but can most notably differ in origin and size. Primary lahars occur during eruptions and may have novel origins such as turbulent mixing of hot rock moving across ice- and snow-clad volcanoes and eruptions through crater lakes. Lahars range in...